- T -
tailing pond
Pond containing waste matter from metal ore
extraction.
残渣池
矿物提炼后，残渣滞留的水池。
tailrace; spillway chute [hydroelectricity]
泄水道[水利发电]
take a straight equity position, to
Investment in a standard, low-risk security.
投资于可靠的证券
指投资于一种标准的，低风险的证券。
take-and-pay contract
A guarantee to buy an agreed amount of a product or
service provided it is delivered.
一手交钱、一手交货合同
一项保证购买议定数量产品或服务的合同，其条
件是货到付钱。
take-home pay
实得工资
taken over by
被兼并
take-off
（经济）起飞，（动力）输出
take-or-pay agreement, contract
An unconditional guarantee to buy an agreed amount
of a product or service whether or not it is delivered.
或取或付协议（合同），照付不议协议（合同）
指一项无条件购买一笔议定数量的产品或劳务
的保证，不管其是否到货。
take-out agreement; buy-back agreement
返销协议；回购协议
takeover bid
An offer to acquire a controlling interest in a
corporation.
收购竞争，合并递价
为获得在某一公司中的控制地位所作的递价。
take over, to
兼并
take-up problems (of means-tested pension plans)
参与问题（家计调查式养老金方案）
tangible assets, property
Material property that can be seen and touched as
opposed to intangible property such as a patent.
有形资产
可以看得见摸得着的物质资产；相对于专利等无
形资产而言。
tanker
油轮
tap issue
An issue of a security made available on an as
required basis. Used primarily in the British market,
where the British Government issues Treasury stock
and seeks subscriptions. As the stock is rarely fully
subscribed, the remainder is sold to Stock Exchange
jobbers as demand requires.
随时发行
在有需求要求的情况下即可进行的证券发行。主
要应用于英国证券市场。在英国，政府发行国家
股并进行销售。由于国家股很少能全部卖罄，剩
余部分就根据需求，卖给股票交易所的经纪人。
target, to
对准目标，集中于
target contract
目标合同
target group
目标群体
target price
目标价格
target zone; reference zone
A wide zone of exchange rates, perhaps plus or
minus 10 per cent, within which a currency can
freely move against other currencies. Suggested at
the New York Plaza Agreement at the Group of Five
meeting, 9/85 and proposed by the French Treasury
2/86, as a way to reduce major currency swings.
目标区，参考区
一个较大的汇率浮动区间（约正负10%），其中
一种货币相对于另一种货币可以自由地上下浮
动。这是在1985年9月五国集团会议《纽约广场
协定》中提出来的1986年2月法国财政部提议作
为减少主要货币动荡的措施之一。
targeted beneficiaries
目标受益人
targeted grant
定向赠款
见categorical grant
targeted interventions
目标干预
targeted programs
目标规划
targeting
瞄准目标，集焦于
tariff
关税
tariff barriers
关税壁垒
tariff escalation
关税升级
tariff item
关税项目
tariff jumping
关税跳脱
tariff line
The most disaggregated level of classification of
international trade flows. It is the production level
where the tariff is applied.
关税细目
国际贸易最细级的分类，是在生产级别上实施的
关税。
tariff negotiations, round
关税谈判，回合
tariff peak
最高关税税率
tariff position
关税类别
tariff privatization
Situation where the main domestic producer in a
given market is also the main importer (or has very
close links to the main foreign producer) and is
therefore able to shield itself from import
competition and obtain considerable profits by
controlling the volume of imports. All the revenue
thus obtained accrues the producer instead of the
government (in the form of tariffs).
关税私有化
指一种情形，即在某一市场上，一个主要国内生
产商同时又是主要进口商（或与外国主要生产商
有密切联系），因此他能够从来自进口的竞争中
保护自己，并从控制进口量中得到相当大的利
益。该生产商由此所得到的所有此类收入本来是
应（通过关税的形式）归诸于政府的。
tariff quota
Specified volume (quota) of imports of a good for a
given period defining the application of different
rates of duty (tariffs), the lower are applying until the
specified volume is reached, the higher rate
thereafter.
关税配额
即在一定时期内，对一种货物的进口数量（配额）
使用不同的关税税率。在一定数量以内征收较低
税率，超过一定数量以后则征收较高税率。
tariff rates
关税率
tariff round, negotiations
关税谈判回合，谈判
tariff schedule
收费价目表，关税税率表，（美）海关税则
tariff wedges
Difference between the tariff at a particular stage of
processing and at the preceding stage.
税率级差
指因产品加工程度不同而产生的税率差。
tariffication
The conversion of quotas or other nontariff barriers
to tariffs.
关税折算
指把配额或其他非关税壁垒折算成关税。
tar sands
沥青沙
task force
专门工作组
tax allowance
Amount deducted from gross income to arrive at
taxable income.
税额减免
指在计算应税收入时从总收入中减除的数额。
tax amnesty
税款赦免
tax arbitrage
套税
tax assessment; assessment for tax
征税估值，确定税款金额
tax audit
税务审计
tax avoidance
The legal minimization of taxes due government by
application of tax planning devices.
避税
使用避税计划手段算出的应付政府的合法最低
税额。
tax base
The amount that forms the basis for calculating a
taxpayers´ liability. In income tax it is a person´s
earnings while in property tax, the value of the
property.
税基，计税基础
纳税人应税义务的基础数额。在所得税中它是个
人的收入，在财产税中则是财产的价值。
tax bill, demand
A document sent to a taxpayer, telling him/her how
much s/he owes in taxes.
税单
送给纳税人的一项文件，通知他或她应付多少
税。
tax bracket
税收等级，税级
tax buoyancy
Total elasticity of the tax system (built-in elasticity
plus elasticity due to discretionary changes in the tax
system). Measured by the annual mean growth in
receipts divided by the annual mean growth in gross
domestic product (GDP).
税收制度弹性，保持高税收
指税收制度的总弹性（内在弹性加上人为因素造
成的的税制变化弹性）。计算方法是，用课税收
入的年平均增长，除以国内生产总值（GDP）年
平均增长。
tax burden
The actual effect of a tax. For example, the tax
burden of income tax falls on the income-earner;
however, the burden of indirect taxes such as sales
taxes is generally passed on to the consumer.
税负，税款负担
指某种税收的实际效果。例如所得税的税负落到
有收入者身上，而间接性税负（如销售税）一般
转嫁到消费者身上。
tax clearance
完税证明书
tax credit
A 100% offset against tax liability.
税额抵免，纳税额的扣免
指应付税款100%地减免。
tax deduction
An expenditure that may legally be deducted from
taxable income by taxpayers
减税
指纳税人可以从应税收入中合法扣减的支出。
tax deferral
递延纳税
tax demand, bill
税单
tax effort
The total amount of tax due from a country, sector,
enterprise, etc.
应缴税
一个国家、部门、或企业等应该缴纳的税金总额。
tax elasticity
税收弹性
tax evasion
Avoidance of taxes by illegal means.
逃税；偷税；漏税
用非法的手段避税。
tax exemption
A specific sum that a taxpayer may deduct from
taxable income for him- or herself and for each
dependent. Also refers to certain kinds of income not
subject to tax such as social security payments,
monies received by certain diplomats, etc.
免税（免税额）
一个纳税人可以为他或她和其每个从属人员从
应税收入中减除的一定的数额。也指某种不属于
纳税的收入，如社会保障付费，一些外交人员的
收入等。
tax expenditures
税费支出
tax/GDP ratio
Ratio of tax receipts to gross domestic product.
税收占国内生产总值的比率
tax handles
The means by which the tax authorities can raise (or
lower) revenues through taxation. For example, in
an economy where income is typically derived from
self-employment and the wage income that does
exist is from small establishments, the government
has only a limited tax handle on income compared
with a modern economy where earned income is
largely in the form of wages and salaries from large
organizations.
税收操纵手段
指税务当局通过税收可以提高（或降低）收入的
手段。例如，在一个收入主要来源于自谋职业和
小企业支付的工资的国家里，政府只有有限的税
收操纵手段；相比之下，在一个收入大部分由大
机构的工资和薪水组成的现代化国家里，情形则
相反。
tax haven
A country which offers permanent tax incentives in
order to attract multinational enterprises.
避税地，逃税乐园（场所）
指为吸引跨国企业而提供长期税收激励的国家。
tax holiday
Tax relief or exemption granted temporarily, e.g. to
encourage industrial development.
免税期
为了例如鼓励工业发展等目的而临时性的税收
减免。
tax incentive
税收激励（优惠）
tax incidence analysis
Analysis of the redistributive effects of taxation.
税收归宿分析
有关课税对再分配的影响的分析。
tax liability
纳税义务
tax loophole
税收漏洞
tax mitigation
减轻税赋，避税
tax net
所有应税物品
tax office
税务局
tax on value added; value added tax - VAT
增值税（简写为VAT）
tax-paid cost - TPC
完税价（简写为TPC）
tax-paying capacity
交税能力
tax performance ratio
征税成功率
tax ratio
The ratio of income tax expense to net income
before taxes.
税率
缴付的税额与税前纯收入的比率。
tax rebate
A partial refund to taxpayers of taxes already paid.
退税
对纳税人已交税款的部分退回。
tax refund
退税
tax relief
税款减免
tax reference price [oil]
An arbitrary posted price for hydrocarbons utilized
in a number of countries for the purpose of
calculating taxes and other payments due the State
from an operator.
征税参照价格[石油]
一些国家对碳氢化合物确定的一个人为的牌价，
用以计算一个营运者应付国家的税和其他款项。
tax return
纳税申报表
tax sharing
The practice of a state or central government levying
a tax and sharing its proceeds with a local
government.
税收分享、分成
国家或中央政府在课征的某一税收中，将收入与
地方政府分享，即分成。
tax shelter
Any of a number of investments which generate
losses, usually due to noncash deductions such as
depreciation or depletion, or due to accelerated
payments which flow through to individual
taxpayers and can be used to offset other income,
thereby lowering the individual taxable income.
逃税手段，纳税隐蔽所
指可能带来损失的任意一种投资活动，损失一般
由非现金形式的扣除造成，如折旧或耗损，或是
由于不断增加的、可以用以抵消其他收入，从而
减少个人应税收入的付给纳税人的付款。
tax sparing
免税
tax surcharge
附加税
tax technology
The tools used to administrate tax policy, e.g.
management information systems.
税务技术
用来管理税收政策的工具，例如（税收）管理信
息系统。
tax wedge
The difference between wages or labor income and
the same wages or income plus government taxes on
them. It is called a wedge because it is like a wedge
which the tax drives between the value of a worker to
the firm and the amount received by the worker for
working one more hour. A Bank document defined
it as “the difference between a given (arbitrary)
after-tax rate of return to an individual investor and
the pre-tax real rate of return on investment that the
firm would need to generate in order to fund the
investment.”
税收楔子
指工资或劳务收入与工资和劳务收入加上政府
对之课征的税收之后的数额之间的差额。之所以
称之为楔子，是因为税收象一个楔子那样，把一
个工人对企业的价值，与该工人每多工作一个小
时所能得到的收入分辟开来。世界银行的一份文
件对此下的定义是：“对某个单个投资者的给定
（任意的）税后收益率，与企业为进行投资而必
须从投资中获得的税前实际收益率两者之间的
差额”。
tax withholding
扣缴税款，扣税
tax write off
注销应交税款
tax yield
税收利益
teacher-pupil ratio; pupil-teacher ratio - PTR;
student-teacher ratio - STR
师生比率（简写为STR）
teacher´s guide
教师指南
teacher´s kit
教师用成套教材
teaching aids
教具
teaching load
教学负担
Technical Advisory Committee - TAC [CGIAR]
技术顾问委员会（简写为TAC）[国际农业研究
磋商小组]
technical assistance loan - TAL
World Bank loan for technical assistance purposes.
技术援助贷款（简写为TAL）
指为技术援助目的提供的世界银行的贷款。
technical assistant
技术助理
technical background
技术资力
technical cooperation among developing
countries - TCDC
发展中国家间技术合作（简写为TCDC）
technical-efficiency index - TEI
技术效率指数（简写为TEI）
technical note
技术注释
technical package
一整套技术；一揽子技术交易
teething problems
初创时期出现的问题
temperate hardwood forest
温带硬木树林
temporary assets
暂时资产
temporary liabilities
暂时负债
tender
招标，投标
tender documents
招标文件
见bidding documents
tenure
所有权，占有权
见land tenure; security of tenure
tenure [education]
长期受聘制[教育]
term deposit
定期存款
term financing
定期筹资
term loan
定期贷款
term sheet
定期报表
terminate
终止，解雇
termination
终止，解雇
termination grant
解雇费
terms and conditions (of a contract)
（合同的）条款及条件
terms of reference [e.g. consultants]
职责范围[咨询人员等]
terms of reference [study]
职责范围[研究]
terms of trade
A relationship between the prices of exports and the
prices of imports. When the concept is not further
qualified, reference is being made to the net barter
terms of trade, which is the quotient between an
index of export prices and an index of import prices.
贸易条件
指出口价格与进口价格之间的关系。如果这一观
念不再加以引伸的话，这个比率当以净易货贸易
条件为参考，它是出口价格指数与进口价格指数
之间的商。
tertiary (oil) recovery
Enhanced recovery methods for the production of
crude oil or natural gas. It requires a means for
displacing oil from the reservoir rock, modifying the
properties of the fluids in the reservoir and/or the
reservoir rock to cause movement of crude oil in an
efficient manner, and providing the energy and drive
mechanism to force its flow to a production well.
三级采油法
一种高级石油或天然气采集方式。先将石油从储
油岩石中驱替出来，然后改变油层或油岩中液体
的性质，使原油产生有效运动，然后加能加压迫
其流入生产油井。
territorial jurisdiction *
领土管辖权
test check [accounting]
抽查法[会计]
test plot
实验田
thematic team
Team of technical specialists working in a specific
area of the Bank´s activities, which monitors
Bankwide activities in a specific area, e.g. technical
assistance.
专题专家组
在世界银行活动中的某个领域内工作的技术专
家组，他们监督整个世界银行在某一领域内（例
如技术援助）的活动。
theory of public choice
Study of the problems involved in decision-making
by governments and the factors that influence their
decision-making.
公众选择论
对政府决策中所涉及的问题和影响政府决策的
因素的研究。
think tank
智囊团，思想库
Third Window
第三窗口，第三类业务
33-Commodity Aggregate Price Index [IBRD]
33种商品综合物价指数[国际复兴开发银行]
threshold countries
Countries on the threshold between IDA and IBRD
status or between IBRD and graduation status.
临界国
位于国际开发协会软贷资格和国际复兴开发银
行硬贷资格之间、或者介于国际复兴开发银行资
格和超过借款资格之间的国家。
threshold limit value - TLV
The maximum allowed amount of exposure to a
given hazard in a given time frame.
临界限定值（简写为TLV）
在一定时间内所能接触的有害物质的最大数量。
threshold price
最低价格，临界价格
through bill of lading
Bill of lading for cargo shipped between two
specified ports plus inland portion of transit.
联运提单
指在两个特定港口之间，加上内陆转运部分的货
运提单。
throughput
生产（率），生产能力
through traffic
联运，过境交通，直达交通
tied aid
有条件援助
tied currency
汇率与某种外汇挂钩的货币
tied resources
指定用途的资金
tight credit policy
紧缩的信贷政策
tightening of credit
信贷紧缩
tight money
Contractionary monetary policy. In taking steps to
decrease the rate of growth of the money supply,
monetary authorities are said to be following a tight
money policy.
银根紧缩
一种紧缩的货币政策。货币当局采取降低货币供
应增长率的措施即被认为是实施银根紧缩政策。
timber
木材
time-adjusted [project analysis]
An accounting convention in which the first year of
an investment analysis is used solely for investment
and in which incremental benefits appear only from
year 2 or later.
时效调整，按时间调整[项目分析]
一种会计的常规做法，即在投资的第一年仅对投
资进行分析，其中增量效益只从第二年和以后才
表现出来。
time-based contract [consultants]
A contract for consultants where payment is made
according to time expended.
按时间计酬合同[咨询专家]
指一项根据工作时间付费的咨询专家合同。
time deposit
定期存款
time frame，
时间框架
time lag
时滞，时间间隔
time limit [ICSID]
期限，时限[解决投资争端国际中心]
time-of-use (TOU) rates [electricity tariffs]
按使用时间计费[电力价格]
time overrun
超过时限
time pattern
时间格局，时态
time series
时间序列，时间数列
time sharing [computers]
分时，时间分享[计算机]
time sheet
出勤时间记录表
time-slice loan
Loan where the lender only finances the loan a part
of the time.
按时间分切的贷款
在一笔贷款中，贷款人只对该贷款的一部分时间
进行融资。
time underrun
低于时限
time value of money
An expression referring to the concept that values
received earlier are worth more than values received
later. The concept underlying discounting.
货币的时间价值
指一种概念，早些时候的货币价值高于晚些时候
的货币价值。它包涵了贴现的意义。
times interest earned ratio
利息倍数比率
见interest coverage ratio - ICR
tinged cotton
A discolored cotton graded between spotted and
stained cotton.
变了成色的棉花
一种褪色棉花，其等级介于有斑点的棉花与和有
污迹的棉花之间。
tissue culture
（生物）组织培养
titling (land)
给予（土地）所有权
Tokyo Round Agreement
东京回合谈判
tombstone
Advertisement which announces that a credit has
been arranged or a bond issue made.
墓碑，证券发行公告，证券经销人名单
公布信贷发行或股票发行的公告。
ton of coal equivalent - tce
A common accounting unit used to define energy
usage. Actual definitions differ. The European
Communities, for example, define it as yielding 7
Gcal net calorific value while the United Kingdom
defines it as the average gross calorific of all grades
of coal and the UN as the gross calorific value.
吨煤当量，折合吨煤数（简写为tce）
一个通用的会计单位，用来衡量能源的使用量。
但实际的定义各有不同。例如欧共体把它确定为
产生7克卡净热值；而在英国，把它确定为多种
等级的煤的总平均卡路里；而在联合国则把它定
为总热值。
ton of oil equivalent - toe
A common accounting unit for energy usage.
Definitions differ. OECD/IEA define it as having a
net calorific value of 10 Gcal (= 41.9 GJ) while the
United Kingdom defines it as the weighted average
gross calorific value of all petroleum products.
吨石油当量，折合吨石油数
一个通用的会计单位，用来衡量能源的使用量。
它有多种定义。经发组织/国际经济协会的定义
是，10克卡（=41.9吉焦耳）净热值；而英国的
定义是所有石油产品的总热值的加权平均数。
top-down (approach) [projects]
自上而下法（方法）[项目]
top dressing [agriculture]
施顶肥，土表追肥[农业]
top-rated bank loan
头等级银行贷款，上等银行贷款
top-up scheme; minimum pension guarantee
System whereby the government brings up a pension
to a specified minimum level.
最低养老金保证制度
指政府把养老金提高到某个最低水平的制度。
Toronto terms
Terms for debt relief (rescheduling for low-income
countries) agreed upon at the Group of Seven
meeting in Toronto in 1988.
多伦多条款
1988年7国集团多伦多会议协议的债务缓免（对
低收入国家的债务重新安排）条款。
total dissolved solids - TDS
Total weight of dissolved mineral constituents in
water per unit volume or weight of water in the
sample.
总溶解固体（简写为TDS）
在一单位容量或重量的水样本中，溶解于水中的
矿物质成份的总重量。
total external debt - EDT
外债总额（简写为EDT）
total factor productivity - TFP
A measurement of changes in outputs per unit of all
inputs combined.
全要素生产率，总和要素生产率（简写为TFP）
对每一个单位的混合投入物所带来的产出的变
化的一个衡量方式。
total fertility rate - TFR
The average number of children that would be born
live to a woman (or group of women) during her
lifetime if she were to pass through her childbearing
years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of
a given year.
总和生育率（简写为TFR）
指一个妇女（或一组妇女）终生所能生育的成活
孩子的平均数，条件是她在育龄阶段的生育率符
合某一特定年份她所在年龄组的生育率。
total loss cover
Insurance against all losses.
全损险
对所有各种损失的保险。
Total Return Index [IFC]
Index devised by IFC to measure the US dollar
return on developing country equity markets, taking
into account both domestic price changes and
exchange rate fluctuations.
总和收益指数[国际金融公司]
国际金融公司创制的一种指数，用以衡量在国内
价格变动和外汇汇率波动的情况下，发展中国家
产权投资市场上的美元收益。
total suspended particulates - TSP
Any solid or liquid particles dispersed in the
atmosphere, such as dust, pollen, ash, soot, metals
and various chemicals.
总悬浮微粒（简写为TSP）
散播在大气中的任何固体或液体的微粒，如尘
埃、花粉、灰、煤烟、金属和各种化学物质。
total suspended solids - TSS
The amount of particulate matter suspended in a
water sample.
总悬浮固体（简写为TSS）
在一个水样中悬浮微粒物质的数量。
tracer study [education]
A follow-up study of students after they have left
school to see what they have become.
跟踪研究[教育]
对离开学校的学生作跟踪研究，以了解他们的发
展变化。
tradable [adj.]
可供外贸的，可供贸易的[形容词]
tradable [noun]
A good that could be traded internationally in the
absence of restrictive trade policies. Depending on
national and world costs of production and transport,
tradables may be importables, exportables or, in
some cases, both.
可供外贸的产品，可贸易产品[名词]
在没有贸易限制政策的条件下可在国际上进行
贸易的货物。根据国内和世界的生产成本和运输
情况，可贸易产品可以是可进口的或可出口的，
有时两种都是。
tradable but nontraded (good, item); nontraded
tradable
可贸易的非贸易品；非贸易的可贸易品
tradable emissions permit
Permit to emit a specified quantity of a pollutant.
This permit may be traded.
可交易的排污许可证
许可释放一定数量的某种污染物。这种许可证可
以进行交易。
参见emissions trading, bubble concept
trade adjustment
Adjustment of terms of trade, e.g. by reducing
import tariffs.
贸易调整
使用诸如降低进口关税等办法对贸易条件进行
调整。
trade adjustment loan
Loan to assist a country in liberalization of its trade
policy.
贸易调整贷款
协助一个国家贸易政策自由化的贷款。
trade balance; balance of trade; merchandise balance
The difference in a given time period between a
country´s imports and exports of goods and services
valued in current monetary units.
贸易平衡；贸易差额
在一定时期内，一个国家以现行货币单位计算的
货物和劳务的进、出口之间的差额。
trade coverage ratio
The amount of imports affected by para-tariff, price
and volume control measures expressed as a
percentage of total imports of the same product
group.
贸易作用范围比率
受类关税、价格及数量控制影响的进口数量，用
占该类产品进口总量的百分比表示。
trade cycle; business cycle
贸易周期；商业周期
trade deficit
贸易逆差
trade liberalization*
贸易自由化，贸易开放
trade-off
权衡，抉择，替换
trade organization
贸易组织
trade pattern
贸易格局
trade promotion
贸易促进
trade publication
贸易刊物
trade receivables
应收贸易帐项
trade-related investment measures - TRIMS
与贸易相关的投资手段（简写为TRIMS）
trade sanctions*
贸易制裁
traded goods
贸易品，外贸货物
trading
交易
见block trading
trading currency
贸易货币
trading partners
贸易伙伴
trading portfolio
Portfolio of short-term investments. 可交易投资资
产总量
指短期投资资产总量
参见investment portfolio
trading ticket [capital market]
Purchase/sales order for a security.
交易订单[资本市场]
对某一证券的购买或销售的订单。
traffic-bearing capacity; load-bearing capacity
路面承受能力
traffic count
交通流量
train
列车
见block train; unit trains
trainability [EDI-World Bank]
可培训性[世界银行经济发展学院]
trainee
受训人员
trainer
培训教师
training
培训
见advance training; higher training; in-house
training; in-service training; job-related training;
mobile training unit; multimedia training module;
on-the-job training; retail training; retraining; skill
training center; vocational training; wholesale
training
training and visit [T & V] system
System of agricultural extension which involves
training village-level workers so that they can,
through contact farmers, pass on new agricultural
techniques.
培训访问（简写为T & V）制度
一种农业推广制度，它包括培训村级农业工人，
使其能够通过联系农民传授新的农业技术。
training production unit
培训服务单位
trammel fishing
Type of fishing using a set net, where the fish
entangle themselves in net pockets, which are made
by the pushing movement of the fish through the
three - occasionally two - walls of the net.
张网捕鱼
用一种固定的三面（有时是两面的）鱼网捕鱼的
方式，凭借鱼往前游动的冲力使其入网。
tranching [loans]
Division of a loan (specifically adjustment loans)
into several tranches. Release of tranches is
conditional on specific agreed actions being carried
out.
分期分批发放一笔贷款[贷款]
把一笔贷款（特别是调整贷款）分成几批发放。
分期发放是有条件的，即特定的协议行动是否已
经得到执行。
transfer charge call; collect call; reverse charge call
受话人付款的电话
transfer payments
转付款项，转让性付款
transfer price
Price between a corporation and its subsidiary or
within a corporation (opposite of arm´s length price).
转让价格，内部调拨价格
公司与其附属机构之间或公司内部使用的价格
（相对于正常交易价而言）。
transformation curve; production possibility curve
A graphic representation of the various output
combinations of two commodities which can be
produced from a given quantity of resources.
生产转换曲线，生产可能性曲线
一种表示可用某项既定数量资源生产两种商品
的不同产出组合的图表。
transient climate change
The path of realized climate change which takes into
account the lags in the climate system, as opposed to
equilibrium change.
瞬时气候变化
在考虑到气候系统中的时滞存在的条件下，一段
时间里气候实际变化的轨迹。它是相对于均衡气
候变化而言的。
translation (of currency)
Recording in accounts of assets (or liabilities) in one
currency when they are actually in another. No
actual exchange of funds takes place. The World
Bank and IFC, for example, translate all their assets
and liabilities into U.S. dollar amounts, regardless of
the actual currency in which they are denominated.
（货币的）换算
在会计帐上记载的以一种货币表示的资产（或负
债），而实际上该资产（或负债）是以另一种货
币方式存在的，其中并未发生实际的资金转换。
例如世界银行和国际金融公司把它们的资产和
负债都换算成美元，而不管它们实际上是以何种
货币标值的。
translation adjustment [accounting]
Adjustment in accounts to reflect movements in the
rate of exchange between the currency of the
accounts and the currency of the transaction.
（货币）换算调整[会计]
对会计帐户进行调整，以反映记帐货币与实际使
用货币之间的汇率变动。
transparency
透明度
transterritorial; cross-border
跨越国境的，跨越边界的
trashy farming
Tillage which leaves the major portion of crop
residues on the soil surface
残茬耕作法
在地表残留作物大部分枝叶的耕作方法。
trawl fishing
拖网捕鱼
Treasury bill
Bill issued by U.S. Treasury with short maturity
(less than one year).
短期国库券
美国财政部发行的短期国库券（到期日在1年以
内）。
Treasury bond
Long-term (more than ten years) fixed coupon paper
issued by the Federal Reserve on behalf of the U.S.
Treasury.
长期国库券
美国联邦储备银行代表财政部发行的长期（10年
以上）固定利率国库券。
Treasury note
A medium-term (normally from two to ten years)
coupon security issued by the U.S. Treasury.
中期国库券
美国财政部发行的中期（一般在2到10年）带息
国库券。
treaty reinsurance
Form of reinsurance, whereby an insurance
company shares a large number of risks with other
insurance companies.
协定再保险
再保险的一种形式，由某一保险公司与其它保险
公司分担大量的风险。
tree cotton; Ceylon cotton; Siam cotton; China
cotton
木棉，锡兰棉，暹罗棉，中国棉
tree crop
乔本作物，木本作物
tree farming
树木培植
tree fodder
乔本饲料，木本饲料
tree mining; forest mining
Clear-felling of large wooded areas.
林木开采，森林开采
对大面积的林区进行采伐。
tree tenure
Ownership of a wood, forest or other collection of
trees, usually by a group. The term is used in social
forestry.
林木占有权
对树林、森林或其他树木集中地的所有权，一般
由集体拥有。这一名词用于社会林业中。
trend rate
趋势率
triage
分诊法
tribal peoples
部落民族
trickle-down effect
The idea that stimulants applied to a lagging
economy are best given to business to induce
economic growth that will benefit citizens directly
rather than being given directly to consumers to spur
purchasing power.
下渗效果，逐渐滴入效果
一种观念，认为对一个落后国家使用激励因素
时，最好将其给予企业以促进经济增长，使公民
直接受益，而不是直接给予消费者去刺激其购买
力。
trickle irrigation
滴灌
见drip irrigation
trigger clause
Clause in IBRD loan agreement requiring review
after a certain number of years to determine whether
changes in the country´s economic condition warrant
harder or softer loans.
起动条款，触发条款
国际复兴开发银行协议中的条款，要求在一定年
限以后，对一国进行评审，以确定其经济状况的
变化适合于给予硬贷款还是软贷款。
trigger date [IBRD]
Date on which a loan is placed in nonaccrual status.
This is normally when service payments are overdue
by more than six months.
启动日期[国际复兴开发银行]
指一项贷款将被置于非应计状况的日期，一般是
在贷款偿付拖延6个月以上时。
Trigger Price Mechanism - TPM [US]
System set up by the US to prevent unfair
competition for steel imports. Costs of production in
the world´s lowest cost producer, Japan, would be
determined and publicly announced. These would be
the trigger prices. If the price charged for an import
shipment were below the trigger price, the US
Government would launch an antidumping
investigation against the foreign supplier.
促发价格机制（简写为TPM）[美国]
指美国为防止来自钢铁进口方面的不公平竞争
而设置的一种制度。即对世界钢铁成本最低的生
产国日本的生产成本进行确定并予以公布。这就
是促发价格。如果某批进口钢铁的价格低于促发
价格，美国政府将对该外国供应商发动反倾销调
查。
Trinidad terms
Terms for debt relief to replace the Toronto terms,
proposed by the United Kingdom at a conference in
Trinidad. They propose writing off $18 billion of
the debt of the world´s nineteen poorest countries
(mainly Sub-Saharan African countries plus Bolivia
and Guyana), extending repayment periods to 25
years and capitalizing interest.
特立尼达条款
替代多伦多条款的债务减免条款，是英国在特立
尼达的一次会议上提出来的。他们建议对世界上
19个最贫困的国家（主要是在撒哈拉以南非洲国
家加上玻利维亚和圭亚那）注销180亿美元的债
务，延长偿还期限到25年，并把利息资本化。
triple superphosphate - TSP [fertilizer]
A commercial fertilizer which contains 2.5 to 3
times as much available phosphoric acid as
superphosphate. The phosphate rock is treated with
phosphoric acid and, in the manufacturing process,
the gypsum is removed.
三元过磷酸钙（简写为TSP）[肥料]
一种商业肥料，它所含磷酸比过磷酸钙多2.5到3
倍。在加工过程中用磷酸对磷酸盐矿石进行处
理，去除石膏。
tropical cattle unit - TCU; tropical animal unit -
TAU; tropical livestock unit - TLU
A standard unit of measurement, equivalent to 250
kg, the weight of a standard cow, for calculating the
impact of animals on the land.
热带牲畜单位（简写为TCU、TAU或TLU）
一种标准度量单位，相当于250公斤，即一头标
准母牛的重量，用以计算牲畜对土地的影响。
tropical rain forest
热带雨林
trucking industry
卡车运输业
true lease
Lease where the lessee has no right to a share of the
proceeds of the sale of the leased asset to third
parties at the end of the non-cancelable lease period
and no bargain renewal option.
正式租约
一种租赁方式，承租人在不可取消的租赁期结束
后，无权分享向第三方出售租赁资产的收入，并
且没有重新租赁选择权。
true to type variety; pure variety [agriculture]
A variety which is like the parental type, without
change.
纯种[农业]
指与其亲本相同且无变异的品种。
trunk infrastructure
骨干基础设施
trunk network
公路干线网
trunk roads
公路干线，铁路干线
trunk sewer
下水道干线
trust fund
信托基金
Trustee [GEF]
受托人[全球环境基金]
tubewell
Strictly speaking a circular well consisting of tubes
or pipes bored into the ground but often used
synonymously with drilled well.
管井
严格地讲，是指一个环形井，包括直插入地下的
一些管道，但常常用作钻井的同义词。
tuition fees
学费
turnaround (time)
转变（时间）回航（时间）
turnkey contract, project
A contract where a firm will undertake all the
activities to deliver a complete project, including the
provision of professional services, the supply of
goods and civil works construction.
“交钥匙”合同，全包合同，总承包合同
由一个公司负责完成一个完整项目的所有内容
的合同（包括提供专业服务供应货物和土木工程
建设）。
turnover
营业额，周转
turnover tax
周转税，营业税，交易税
twenty equivalent units - TEU [containers]
Standard unit for counting (equivalent) containers of
various dimensions.
二十等量单位（简写为TEU）[集装箱]
对不同规格的集装箱的标准计算（等量）单位。
twinning arrangements
Arrangement whereby two organizations (or a group
of organizations) work jointly on a project. In the
Bank, it is generally used to refer to a situation
where an organization (or a group of organizations)
from an industrial country works with an
organization (or a group of organizations) from a
developing country, providing assistance as well as
being involved in the project.
双重安排
这种安排是指两个组织（或是一组组织）共同进
行一个项目。在世界银行，一般是指这样一种情
况：来自一个工业国家的一个组织（或一组组织）
同发展中国家的一个组织（或一组组织）一起工
作，提供援助和参与项目工作。
two digit inflation; double digit inflation
两位数字的通货膨胀
two-envelope procedure [consultants]
A procedure for selecting bids whereby each bidder
is required to submit simultaneously his
qualifications in one envelope and his bid in a
second.
双信封制度[咨询专家]
指选择标书的一种程序。对每一投标人要求同时
提交两个信封：一个装资历，另一个装报价。
two-gap model
A mathematical model of the economy of a country
using two-gap analysis, i.e. adjustments in
accumulation and trade in response to a unit change
in the available supply of foreign resources.
双差距模式
指使用双差距法（即根据每一单位可获得的国外
资源供应变化所作的积累和贸易的调整）分析一
个国家的经济的数学模型。
2% currency [IBRD]
The portion of capital subscriptions payable in US
dollars.
2%货币[国际复兴开发银行]
（会员国向国际复兴开发银行）认缴股本需用美
元缴付的部分。
two-stage, two-step procedure [IBRD]
Procedure whereby technical and financial
proposals are submitted and evaluated separately.
两阶段，两步骤程序[国际复兴开发银行]
这种程序是指技术和财务上的建议需分别提交
和分别评价。
two-tier market
An exchange rate regime which normally insulates a
country from the balance of payments effects of
capital flows while it maintains a stable exchange
rate for current account transactions. Capital
transactions are normally required to pass through a
“financial” market while current transactions go
through an “official” market, though other arrangements
are possible. Examples are found in Belgium
and the United Kingdom, though France and Italy
have experimented with such systems.
两级市场，双重市场
一种汇率制度，一般可以使一个国家的国际收支
摆脱资本流动的影响，同时在经常项目交易上维
持一个稳定的汇率。资本交易一般需要通过一个
“金融”市场，而经常性交易则通过一个“官方”
市场，虽然其他安排也是可能的。比利时和英国
就是这样的例子，法国和意大利也曾试用过这样
的体制。
two-tier meeting
Meeting arranged for public officials, where one
meeting is for top-level officials and another,
overlapping meeting, for middle-level officials.
两级会议，交叉会议
为公共官员安排的会议，其中一个会议是为高级
官员安排的，而另一个重叠交叉的会议是为中级
官员安排的。
two-track development
Development where one group develops at a much
faster rate than another, e.g. the Asian countries
develop more rapidly than Latin America and
Sub-Saharan Africa.
双轨道发展
在经济发展中，一组国家发展的速度大大快于另
一组，例如亚洲国家发展速度比拉丁美洲和撒哈
拉以南非洲国家快得多。
two-year trigger rule
Rule whereby provisions are made against countries
placed by the Bank in nonaccrual status that do not
resume loan payments within two years.
两年启动规则
世界银行的一项规则，针对被世界银行置于非应
计状况并在两年以内未恢复贷款偿付的国家。