- S -
safe drinking water
安全饮用水
见safe water
Safe Motherhood Fund [IBRD/WHO]
母亲安全基金[国际复兴开发银行/世界卫生组
织]
Safe Motherhood Initiative [IBRD/WHO]
母亲安全动议[国际复兴开发银行/世界卫生组
织]
safe water; drinking water; safe drinking water
Drinking water. The terms drinking water, safe
water and safe drinking water are used
interchangeably.
安全饮用水
饮用水。以上三个英文名词可相互替代使用。
safety net
安全网
salaries and wages
薪水和工资
saleability [securities]
可销售性[证券]
saleable assets
可出售资产
sale from portfolio
有价证券的出售
sale of loan maturities
到期贷款出售
sales tax
营业税，销售税
salt lick; mineral lick
牲畜舐用矿盐
salt water intrusion
Salt water entering fresh water, thereby destroying
freshwater sources.
盐水侵入
指盐水流入淡水中，使淡水资源遭到破坏。
salvage value
残值
sample survey [statistics]
抽样调查[统计]
sanitation
卫生
Saudi Arabian light (crude oil); light Arabian crude
The world´s most prolific crude oil, frequently used
as a marker crude in establishing the prices of other
crudes.
沙特阿拉伯轻油（原油）；阿拉伯轻质原油
世界上储藏量最广的轻原油，常常用作其它原油
定价时的基准原油。
savings and loan association
储蓄与贷款协会
scarcity value
稀缺价值
scatter chart, diagram; scattergram
分布图，散点图
scattered plotting
散点标绘
schedular tax; scheduled tax
收入分类税，居地税
schedule
时间表，一览表，程序表，清单
schedule contract
进度合同
schedule of rates contract
A type of unit price contract, paid on the basis of a
schedule of rates. It is similar to a bill of quantities
contract but used where the quantity of work to be
performed is difficult or impossible to estimate in
advance, such as maintenance, drilling or dredging.
费率表计价合同
一种单位价格合同，按费率明细表付款。与工程
量合同相似，但在工作量难以或不可能事先估计
时使用，如维修、钻井或疏浚。
scheduled tax; schedular tax
收入分类税；居地税
school mapping
校区布局
scrap, to
废弃，报废
scrap value
残余价值
SDR currencies
特别提款权货币
Sea Island cotton; West Indian cotton; Egyptian
cotton; kidney cotton
海岛棉；西印度群岛棉；埃及棉；肾型棉
seasonal credit
季节性信贷
seasonally adjusted
按季节调整的
seasonal movements
季节性运动
seasonal peak
季节性高峰
seasoned securities
稳妥的证券
second-best optimum
If one of the conditions for Pareto optimality cannot
be fulfilled, then the best attainable situation (the
second-best optimum) can, in general, only be
achieved by departing from all the other Paretian
conditions.
次佳论
如果达到帕累托最佳状态的各种条件之一得不
到满足，那么，一般来说只有脱离帕累托所有其
他条件才可能达到的最好状态（次佳）。
second-best policy
次好政策
second generation special account - SGSA
Special account set up for use by a specific
implementation unit that cannot readily access the
special account to meet eligible expenditures as they
occur.
第二代专用帐户（简写为SGSA）
为特定执行单位设立的特别帐户，以便使该单位
在不能使用专用帐户前对已支出的合格费用进
行报销。
second lowest bidder
居第二位的最低报价者，次低报价投标者
seco nd tier bank
1. Bank used as secondary source for funds.
2. Smaller lenders, i.e. banks other than the main
commercial banks. Used particularly in Latin
America.
二级银行
1．作为二级资金来源的银行。
2．较小的贷款者，即除主要商业银行以外的银
行。特别用于拉丁美洲国家。
second tier country
A classification proposed by OECD which covers
those countries below the newly industrialized
countries but above other developing countries.
They are exporters of between $100 million and $2
billion worth of manufactured goods. Include Chile,
Cyprus, Haiti, Indonesia, Jordan, Macau, Malaysia,
Malta, Mauritius, Morocco,, Peru, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia and Uruguay.
二级国家
经经济合作与发展组织提出的一钟分类法，指低
于新兴工业化国家或地区但高于其他发展中国
家的那些经济体，即制成品出口在1亿到20亿美
元之间的国家。这些国家包括：智利、塞浦路斯、
海地、印度尼西亚、约旦、中国澳门、马来西亚、
马耳他、毛里求斯、摩洛哥、秘鲁、菲律宾、斯
里兰卡、泰国、突尼斯和乌拉圭。
secondary education
中等教育
见lower secondary education; upper secondary
education
secondary energy; final energy
二次能源；最终能源
secondary market
二级市场
secondary market mortgage institution
二级市场抵押机构
secondary recovery
二次回收，二次开采
secondary reserves
次生储层，二次可采储量
secondary securities
次级证券
secondary transmission line; subtransmission line
Transmission line in a subtransmission system, i.e.
one which supplies distribution substations from
bulk power sources, such as large transmission
substations or generating stations.
二级输电线路；次级输电线路
一个二级输电系统中的输电线路，即从大容量电
源（如大型输变电站或发电站）给配电所供电的
输电线路。
secondment
借调
sector adjustment loan - SECAL; SAD
A loan aiming at major policy improvements in a
sector.
部门调整贷款（简写为SECAL; SAD）
旨在改进一个部门的主要政策的贷款。
sector GDP
The contribution to GDP generated by a particular
sector.
部门国内生产总值
一个具体部门产生的国内生产总值份额。
sector implementation review - SIR
部门执行情况检查（简写为SIR）
sector investment and maintenance loan - SIM
Loan aimed at investing in a particular sector
maintaining the level of activity in that sector.
部门投资和维持贷款
指为向一个特定部门的投资提供的贷款，用以维
持该部门的一定水平的活动。
sector loan
A loan geared towards a particular sector.
部门贷款
对某一特定部门的贷款。
secular trend
Long-term average of a statistical series, usually
understood to cover at least three or four
generations.
长期趋势
一个统计系列的长期平均趋势，通常理解为跨越
至少三代至四代人口。
secure a loan, to
取得一笔贷款，担保一笔贷款
secured loan
抵押贷款
securities (custody) account
证券（保管）帐户
securities dealer; securities firm
Firm acting as a principal rather than an agent in the
securities market.
证券商，证券商行（公司）
证券市场中，作为自营商而不是代理商的商行。
securities market
The primary and secondary market for negotiable
equity (stocks) and long-term debt instruments
(bonds).
证券市场
从事可流通的股本（股票）和长期债务工具（债
券）交易的初级和二级市场。
securitization
1. Issue of securities in exchange for debt. The
Bank has used it to specifically refer to “the
packaging and selling of a pool of creditor risks in
the form of a security”.
2. The tendency on financial markets to make
greater use of securities, i.e. firms issue securities
rather than borrow directly from banks.
证券化
1．发行证券以交换债务。世界银行用来专指“以
一种证券的形式将债权人的一批风险组合起来
并予以出售”。
2．金融市场更多地利用证券筹资的趋势，即企
业通过发行证券而不是从银行直接借款来筹资。
security
1. Document giving title to property or claim on
income.
2. Income-yielding paper traded on the stock exchange
or secondary market.
有价证券，抵押品，担保品
1．赋予财产所有权或对收入的求偿权的文书。
2．在证券交易所或二级市场上交易的能产生收
益的票据。
security agreement
担保协议
security lending
Lending of securities which the IBRD owns (typically
a U.S. Government obligation) against receipt
of cash or similar securities as collateral in amounts
equal to or higher than the market value of the
security lent.
借出证券
国际复兴开发银行把自有证券（通常为美国政府
债券）作为抵押品出借，以换取现金或类似的证
券，其金额等于或略高于借出的证券的市场价
值。
security of tenure
使用期保障
security sharing agreement [IFC] *
抵押品或保险金等分享协议[国际金融公司]
sedimentation ponds
Pond where waste water is temporarily stored to
allow the solids to settle out.
沉淀池
暂时贮存废水以沉淀其中固体物质的水池。
seed
种子
见breeder seed; certified seed; field seeds;
foundation seed; registered seed
seed capital; seed money
种子资本，原始资本；种子资金，
seed farm
育种农场
seed garden
育种园
seed money; seed capital
种子资金
seed plant
种子作物
seedling
秧苗，树苗
seine fishing
围网捕鱼
seismic survey
地震勘查，地震调查
seizure [legal]
Act or process of seizing property by virtue of a writ
or other legal order to satisfy a judgment made by a
court under the authority of a legal order.
没收，扣押，查封[法律]
在法律决议授权下，根据令状或其他法律命令查
封（或扣押）财产，以完成一项法院判决的行为
或过程。
selection felling, cutting
Harvesting of only a small proportion of the standing
crop.
间伐，有选择地砍伐
对生长中的作物的一小部分进行收获。
Selective Capital Increase - SCI
An increase in the Bank´s capital which does not
apply equally to all shareholders. The most recent
one was in 1984. Though always referred to as
Selective Capital Increase, the legal document calls
it Special Capital Increase.
选择性增资（简写为SCI）
世界银行的一种不是对所有股东同等适用的增
资。最近的一次是在1984年。虽然通称为选择性
增资，但法律文件称之为特别增资。
self-adjustment
自动调整
self-care; self-treatment
自我护理；自我治疗
self-contained; free standing
（设备）配套齐全的；独立的，自给自足的
self-determination
自决（权），自立决定
self-employed person
个体劳动者，自谋职业者
self-financing
自筹资金
self-financing-ratio - SFR
The rate at which a project is financed from internal
resources.
自筹资金比率（简写为SFR）
一个项目内部自筹资金所占的比重。
self-help
自助
self-help housing scheme
自助建房计划
self-insurance
自我保险
self-liquidating assets
Assets that will pay for themselves over a period of
time.
自偿资产
在一段时间内可自行偿还的资产。
self-liquidating project
Credit reimbursed by the income from the operation
for which it was lent.
自偿项目
用贷款业务的收入进行清偿的贷款。
self-reliance
自力更生
self-restraint
自我限制、节制；自我控制
self-sufficiency
自给自足
self-sustaining growth
自我维持的增长
self-sustaining state
自我维持状态
self-targeting (commodity)
Basic foodstuffs that are mainly consumed by the
poor. So-called because their target is obvious.
有特定对象的（商品）
指主要由穷人消费的基本食品。之所以如此命名
是由于其对象是显而易见的。
self-treatment; self-care
自我治疗；自我护理
self-weighting sample
自行加权样本
sell down
The transfer of a credit from a bank within a
syndicate to a bank outside the syndicate.
信贷转让
把银团内的一家银行的信贷转让给银团外的一
家银行。
seller´s market
卖方市场
selling consortium, group, syndicate
A group of bank or securities dealers involved in
placing a security as sellers.
（证券）销售集团，推销联营
参与证券销售的一组银行或证券经销商集团。
selling rate
Price proposed (for a security).
卖价
（证券的）建议价格。
selling value
销售价值
semiannual coupon equivalent basis, on a [bonds]
以等值半年息票为基础的[债券]
semiknocked down - SKD
部分拆装（简写为SKD）
seminar see Board seminar
研讨会
seminar paper
研讨会文件，论文
semipermanent housing
半永久式住房
semipublic company
半国营公司，公私合营公司
semiskilled manpower
半熟练劳力
semiskilled worker
半熟练工人
senior debt, loan
Debt for which claims on the assets of the borrower
rank ahead of other debts in case of liquidation.
优先债务，优先贷款
清算时，资产求索权优先于其他债务的债务。
senior economist
高级经济学家
senior level staff
高级职员
senior management
高级管理当局
senior manager
高级经理，主任
Senior Policy Seminar [EDI]
高级政策研讨会[经济发展学院]
Senior Policy Seminar on... [EDI]
关于……的高级政策研讨会[经济发展学院]
sensitive product
敏感产品
sensitivity analysis
A study of the impact that changes in costs and
benefits would have on the profitability or present
value of a project.
敏感性分析
对成本与效益的变化可能给一个项目的赢利或
现值带来的影响的研究。
separation [employment]
解雇，离职，分离[就业]
septic tank
化粪池，腐化池
sequential cropping
连续种植
见double cropping
serial bond, loan
1. Bond issues split into a series of maturities.
2. Special type of serial bonds where
reimbursement is decided by drawing in lots (used in
France).
分批到期分批偿还债券、贷款
1．到期日错开的债券。
2．以抽签方式决定偿还的特殊类型分期偿还债
券（曾在法国使用）。
service
偿付（债务），服务，劳务
见debt service; fee-for-services basis
service; service line; supply line; connection
[electricity]
辅线；供电线；连接线[电力]
service a loan, to
对贷款还本付息
service and support fee [IFC]
Fee paid by IFC to the World Bank for the services it
receives from the Bank.
服务和支持费[国际金融公司]
国际金融公司付给世界银行的服务费。
service charge
服务费，手续费
service industry
服务行业
service line; service; supply line; connection
[electricity]
辅线，供电线；连线[电力]
service road
辅助道路
service station [livestock]
配种站[畜牧]
serviceable [highways]
可用年限[公路]
serviced area, lot, site
Site having essential services.
具备主要服务的工地，现场
servicing [plots]
建立基本设施[场地]
serving chairman
执行主席，现任主席
session [ICSID]
（开庭）期，一届会议[解决投资争端国际中心]
set aside agreement
Agreement for payment receipts from a project to be
designated for a specific purpose.
留置协议
把项目上收到的付款定做特殊用途的协议。
settlement (of a dispute) [ICSID]
（争端的）解决[解决投资争端国际中心]
settlement date
The date on which payment for a transaction must be
made.
结算、交割日
一笔交易必须付款的日期。
settlement of maintenance of value; maintenance of
value settlement
保值结算
settling-in grant [IBRD]
Grant provided to assist new staff members in
meeting additional expenses (electrical appliances,
furniture, car, etc.) associated with relocation to the
Greater Washington Metropolitan Area.
（迁入）安置费、安家费[国际复兴开发银行]
（世界银行）为帮助新职员支付迁入华盛顿市区
的有关额外开支（电器、家具、汽车等）而提供
的赠款。
severance pay
解雇金，离职金
sewage disposal
污水处理
sewage (treatment) plant
污水处理厂（站）
sewerage project
污水排放项目
shadow discount rate
The opportunity cost of capital.
影子贴现率
资本的机会成本。
shadow exchange rate - SER; shadow pricing of the
exchange rate
The exchange rate that reflects the value of an
additional unit of foreign exchange in terms of the
domestic currency as used for domestic
consumption.
影子汇率（简写为SER）；汇率影子价格确定
指用本国货币表示的增加的一个单位外汇用于
国内消费的汇率。
shadow price
The value used in economic analysis for a cost or a
benefit when the market price is felt to be a poor
estimate of economic value.
影子价格
在感到市场价格不能正确反映经济价值时，在成
本或效益的经济分析中使用的价值。
shadow project
Project that would provide substitute environmental
services to compensate for the loss of the original
assets.
影子项目
可以提供环境替代服务来补偿原有资产的损失
的项目。
shadow rate of interest
Rate of interest used as the discount rate in project
analysis. Include consumption rate of interest and
accounting rate of interest.
影子利率
在项目分析中作为贴现率使用的利率，包括消费
利率和会计利率。
shadow wages
A wage rate that is used for measuring the
opportunity cost of labor in project analysis. Three
components are used to establish it: forgone
marginal product, changes in consumption and
savings and changes in leisure.
影子工资
在项目分析中，用来衡量劳动力机会成本的工资
率。它是由三个部分来确定的：放弃的边际产品、
消费和储蓄的变化以及休闲时间的变化。
shakeout (of the market)
1. A moderate stock market or business recession,
usually corrective of an inflationary condition.
2. Any movement in the market prices of securities
that forces speculators to sell their holdings.
（市场）轻度衰退；（市场）抛售
1．轻度的证券市场衰退，通常是对通货膨胀情
况的纠正。
2．由于证券市场价格的变动，迫使投机者出售
他们所持有的证券。
share
股，股票
亦见bonus share; common share; founder´s share;
membership shares; outstanding shares; publicly
traded share; qualifying shares; registered share;
stock
share capital; registered capital
Capital represented by shares of capital stock.
股份资本；注册资本
由股份所代表的资本。
share capital, to supply
提供股份资本
share premium account [IFC]
Account of a corporation, in which IFC has a
holding and in which the premiums obtained on new
shares are deposited.
股票（发行）溢价帐户[国际金融公司]
一个公司的帐户，其中国际金融公司持有股份，
并存入从新股中获得的溢价。
share retention agreement [IFC]
Agreement, under which a company agrees not to
sell the stock of another company in which IFC has
an interest, until the loan has been reimbursed.
保留股份协议[国际金融公司]
一家公司同意在一家国际金融公司拥有权益的
另一公司未偿付其贷款之前，不卖出该公司股票
的协议。
share cropping
以谷物交租，交谷租种
shareholder´s equity
股东股本
见stockholder´s equity
sharing clause
Clause in loan agreement that states that if one
participant fails to receive payment, the others will
share receipts with the participant(s) not receiving
payments.
共享条款
贷款协议中的条款，规定如果某一参与方未收到
付款，另一参与方将与未收到付款的参与方共享
收到的付款。
shell (of a building)
（建筑物的）外壳
shell company
Company which exists on paper but does not
apparently trade or operate, possibly being used as a
cover for illegal or unethical activities.
虚设的公司，皮包公司
指只存在于纸上而无实际交易或业务的公司，很
可能是被用来掩盖非法或不道德的活动的。
shifting cultivation
轮作，轮流易地耕作
shifting of tax
Changing the tax burden so that someone other than
the person or firm on whom the tax is levied pays all
or part of it.
税负转嫁
把税负转嫁给纳税人或企业以外的其他人，由他
们支付全部或部分税款。
shift parameter
Parameter leading to a movement to the left or right
of a curve, e.g. a demand curve.
移位参数
引导一条曲线（如需求曲线）向左或向右移动的
参数。
shipping
水运，航运
shipping conference
班轮公会
见liner (shipping) conference
shopping [procurement]
A procurement method based on comparing price
quotations obtained from several foreign or local
suppliers, usually at least three, to ensure
competitive prices. It requires no formal bidding
documents and is an appropriate method for
procuring readily available off-the-shelf goods or
standard specification commodities that are small in
value.
询价采购[采购]
在把几家外国和本国供应商（通常不少于三家）
提供的报价进行比较的基础上进行的采购，以保
证价格具有竞争性。这种方法不需要正式的招标
文件，适合于采购现货或小额标准规格商品。
shortfall
缺额，短缺
short form audit report
A succinct report or letter prepared by an auditor
following an audit. It is addressed to the
management or directors. The short form is
standard.
简短审计报告
审计师在完成一项审计后写给管理当局或董事
会的一个简要的报告或信函。是标准的简短格
式。参见long form audit report
short list
短名单，经过筛选的名单
short season (crop)
生长期短的（作物）
short staple cotton
Cotton with fibers of 3/8 to 1 inches long.
短纤维棉花
纤维为3/8到1英寸长的棉花。
Short Term Economic Monitor [IBRD]
短期经济监测[国际复兴开发银行]
showcase project
Project designed for prestige, with high unit and/or
recurrent costs. The Bank does not normally support
such projects.
样板项目
为树立声望而设计的项目，有较高的单位成本和
（或）经常性费用。世界银行一般不支持这种项
目。
Siam cotton; tree cotton; Ceylon cotton; China
cotton
暹逻棉；木棉；锡兰棉；中国棉
SIBOR [= Singapore Interbank Offered Rate]
新加坡银行往来利率[=新加坡银行间同业拆借
利率]
side letter; supplemental letter
附信，补充信件
sight assets
即期财产
sight deposit
Deposits held in banks and similar deposit-taking
institutions which are transferable by check or
withdrawable in cash without notice.
活期存款，短期存款
存在银行或类似储蓄机构的存款，可用支票进行
转移，或无须事先通知即可提取现款。
sight liabilities
即期债务
simplified sewerage
A modified design of sewer so that the sewers are
smaller, shallower and flatter, with fewer manholes,
with no decline in performance but with cost savings
of about 30 percent over the costs of conventional
sewerage.
简易下水道
一种经修改设计的下水道，其污水管较细、较浅、
较平，检修口较少，但作用不减，且成本比常规
的下水道低30%。
single-crop economy
单一作物经济
single currency loans, [IBRD]
IBRD program where selected borrowers are offered
a choice of currencies on their loans as an alternative
to the existing standard multicurrency loan product.
The program offers United States dollars, yen,
deutschmarks, French francs, and pounds sterling.
Its interest rate will be tied to six-month LIBOR in
each loan currency (PIBOR in the case of French
francs).
单一币种贷款[国际复兴开发银行]
国际复兴开发银行对有选择的借款国提供贷款
货币选择的方案，作为现行的标准多种货币贷款
的一种替代办法。该方案提供美元、日元、德国
马克、法国法郎和英镑供选择。各贷款货币的利
率均与伦敦6个月同业拆借利率挂钩（法国法郎
则与巴黎银行同业拆借利率挂钩）。
single-entry accounting
A system of accounting in which only records of
cash and of personal accounts are maintained.
单式会计
一种只对现金和个人帐户进行记载的会计制度。
single factorial terms of trade
Terms of trade incorporating productivity changes
in the exporting country. Provides a useful indicator
of changes in the amount of real resources, in the
form of capital and labor services, which a country
must give up in order to purchase a given volume of
imports.
单要素贸易条件
一个出口国包括生产率变化因素在内的贸易条
件。它是反映以资本和劳务为形式的实际资源数
量变化（即一个国家购买一定数量商品所必须放
弃的资源）的一个有效指标。
single fertilizer
A fertilizer containing only one nutrient.
单一成份肥料
仅含有一种养料的肥料。
single parent family, household
单亲家庭
sink (e.g. of greenhouse gases)
Receptacle, or receiving area, for materials
translocated through a system (e.g. the oceans are
the sink into which many water-borne pollutants are
drained; the seed of a plant is the sink in which
nutrients are stored).
沉井（如温室气体沉井）
对通过一个系统转移的物质进行存贮的容器或
接收场所（如海洋是许多水携带污染物的排放沉
井；植物的种子是养料贮存的沉井）。
sinking fund
A fund created by a borrower for the purpose of
redeeming bonds. The borrower is obliged to
redeem specified amounts of the bond within
specified periods.
偿债基金
借款人为赎回债券而建立的一种基金。借款人必
须在规定的时期内赎回规定数额的债券。
sinking fund factor
The level deposit required each year to reach 1 by a
given year. The reciprocal of the compounding
factor for 1 per annum. Generally obtained from a
set of compounding and discounting tables. This
factor permits calculating the equal installment that
must be set aside each year, to be invested at
compound interest, in order to have a predetermined
sum at a given time. It is primarily used to determine
how much must be put into a fund in order to have
recovered the amount of an investment at the end of
its useful life.
偿债基金系数
要在某一既定年份达到“1”，每年所需存款的
水平。亦即“1”的每年复计系数的倒数。这一
系数一般可从一套复利和贴现表中查到，可用于
计算为了在某一既定时间取得预定的数额，每年
需要拨出作复利投资的等额资金。主要用来确定
为了在一项投资的使用寿命结束时收回投资额
所需要投入于一项基金的数额。
sister companies
姊妹公司
site
地点，厂址，工地，场所
site coverage
工地范围
site development
场地开发
site plan
场地平面图
sites and services
The provision of land and basic public services, to
enable housing projects to get off the ground.
场地与服务
提供土地和基本的公共服务，以使住房建设项目
得以启动。
sitting [ICSID]
开会，开庭，会期，庭期[解决国际投资争端中
心]
sketch plan [architecture]
草图，初步计划[建筑]
skidding
急剧下降，下滑
skilled manpower
熟练劳动力
skilled worker
熟练工人，技术工人
skills
专门技术，技能
skills development
技能发展
skills mix
技术组合
skill training center
技能培训中心
slack [economy] [noun]
发展缓慢[经济][名词]
slash-and-burn cultivation
Agricultural method involving slashing undergrowth
at ground level and felling trees with axes at any
convenient height. The area is then thoroughly
burned and crops planted.
刀耕火种
一种农耕方法，其中包括砍去地面上的植物并在
任何信手可为的高度砍伐树木，然后将砍伐过的
区域彻底焚烧，用以种植作物。
slice [contracts]
In contracts, an individual contract for which a
contractor or a manufacturer may bid, rather than
having to bid for the whole project.
单项投标[合同]
一种合同，其中承包商或制造商可以对单项合同
投标而不必对整个项目进行投标。
slice and package [procurement]
Project where contractors and manufacturers may
bid for an individual contract (slice) or group of
similar contracts (package) rather than the whole
project.
单项和整批投标[采购]
一种项目，承包商或制造商可对单项或一批相似
的合同进行投标，而不需对整个项目进行投标。
“slice and package” contract
Contract allowing use of slice and package
technique.
“单项和整批”合同
允许使用“单项和整批投标”技术的合同。
sliding-scale clause
滑动条款，按情况变动条款
slippage; lag
滞后
slow onset emergency; quiet emergency
Emergency which occurs over a period of time, such
as a drought, and which rarely causes much
destruction of physical assets.
缓慢出现的灾害
持续发生于一段时间的灾害（如干旱）。这种事
件很少对有形资产造成很大的破坏。
sluggish growth
缓慢增长
sluice price; sluice gate price; lock gate
A theoretical cif price used in calculating European
Communities supplementary levies on imports of
pork, poultry and eggs.
闸口价格，最低进口价格
一种理论上的到岸价格，用以计算欧共体对进口
猪肉、家禽和蛋品的附加税。
slum
贫民区
slum clearance
拆除贫民区
slump
经济衰退
slumpflation
Harsh economic conditions created by a
combination of simultaneous recession and growing
unemployment as well as rapid price inflation.
通货膨胀下的经济衰退
由于经济衰退和失业人数增加以及快速的通货
膨胀并发而造成的严峻的经济情况。
slum upgrading
贫民区改善
small and medium enterprises - SME; small- and
medium-scale enterprises - SMSE
中小型企业（简称SME或SMSE）
small and medium industries - SMI; small- and
medium-scale industries - SMSI
中小型工业（简称SMI或SMSI）
small-bore sewerage
小口径排污系统
见effluent sewerage
smallholder
小土地所有者，小农
smallholding
拥有小量土地
small-scale enterprise - SSE
小型企业（简称SSE）
small-scale industry - SSI
小型工业（简称SSI）
small-scale irrigation
小型水利
smoothness ratio
平滑率
snatching effect
The effect of creating incidental beneficiaries to a
project as well as those intended.
兼得效应
一个项目除预期受益人以外，产生意外受益人的
效应。
social accounting matrix - SAM
A system of accounts in which the various incomings
of each and every account are represented by an
ordered row and the corresponding outgoings by a
similarly ordered column. They describe the
financial flows that take place within and among
various institutions and sectors of the economy, each
of which is disaggregated according to local
conditions and policy relevance. They integrate data
on income distribution and production and are
suitable vehicles for studying the impact of
macroeconomic policy action on the level of living
of different household groups.
社会会计矩阵（简写为SAM)
一种帐户系统，其中每个帐户的不同收入都以一
种有序的横栏表示，而相应的支出以类似的有序
竖栏表示。它们说明各种不同机构和经济部门之
间发生的资金流动，每一项都根据当地情况和有
关政策进行分解。它们综合了收入分配和生产的
数据，是研究宏观经济政策行为对不同居民群体
生活水平的影响的适当工具。
social accounts
The systematized treatment of social indicators
which represent quality of life conditions in a
country, region or other geographical unit.
社会核算
对代表一个国家、地区或其它地理单位的生活条
件质量社会指标的系统化处理。
social advantages
社会优势，社会优越性
social benefit-cost ratio - SBC
社会的效益-成本比率（简写为SBC)
social benefits
社会福利
social costs
社会成本，社会代价
social dimensions of adjustment - SDA
调整对社会的影响（简写为SDA)
social discount rate; social rate of discount
社会折现率
social forestry
Forestry used for community use as opposed to
private sector forestry.
公有林、集体林
供社区使用的森林，区别于私有部门的森林。
social goods*
社会货物
social impact assessment - SIA
A kind of ex ante evaluation of a project, where a
sociologist examines a development project
prepared by a group of other experts and is asked to
make an assessment about whether or not it will have
positive or adverse social repercussions.
社会影响评估（简写为SIA ）
对项目的一种事先评价，即聘请一位社会学家考
察一个由一批其他专家准备的发展项目，要求他
对该项目是否会产生积极的或不利的社会后果
做出评估。
social infrastructure; community facilities
社会基础设施；公共设施
social insurance
社会保险
social marketing program [population]
A program of sales of goods with reduced prices for
special groups.
社会销售方案[人口]
将货物折价售予特殊群体的方案。
social mobility*
社会流动性
social net present value - SNPV
The net present value of a project after incremental
income flows generated by the project have been
weighted to reflect social income-distribution
priorities.
社会净现值（简写为SNPV）
项目产生的增量收入流经过加权以后的净现值，
反映社会收入分配的优先顺序。
social opportunity cost
The opportunity cost to society of diverting
resources from marginal private sector projects to
public sector ones.
社会机会成本
把资源从边际私人部门项目转向公共部门项目
的社会机会成本。
social overhead capital
社会间接资本
social overhead investment
Investment in social facilities.
社会间接投资
对社会设施的投资。
social price
The price that reflects the value to the country of
inputs and outputs and takes into consideration
“non-efficiency” but socially important goals such
as reduction of consumption of alcohol, tobacco and
fancy cars or expanded production of goods to meet
basic needs, etc.
社会价格
这一价格反映收入和产出对国家的价值，其中考
虑到“无效益”但有重要社会意义的目标，如减
少酒类、烟草和高档小汽车的消费，或扩大对满
足基本需要的货物的生产等。
social pricing
A method of economic analysis which takes into
account savings and consumption.
社会定价，社会计价
一种考虑到储蓄和消费的经济分析方法。
social rate of discount; social discount rate
社会折现率
social rate of return - SRR
The economic rate of return in social prices. Social
prices are shadow prices which incorporate social
factors such as scarcity of savings, income inequality
and poverty.
社会收益率（简写为SRR）
以社会价格衡量的经济收益率。社会价格是影子
价格，其中包涵了储蓄的稀缺性、收入不均和贫
困等社会因素。
social security contributions*
社会保障缴款
social returns [projects]
社会收益[项目]
social safety net
社会安全网
social security benefits
社会保障福利
social security fund
社会保障基金
social security scheme
社会保障方案
social shadow wage rate - SSWR
Shadow wage rate (= shadow price for labor,
generally set by estimating the marginal value
product of labor) in social prices.
社会影子工资率（简写为SSWR）
指以社会价格计算的影子工资（等于劳动力影子
价格，一般是通过对劳动力的边际价值产品的估
计来确定的）。
social time preference rate
A rate, usually expressed in the form of a
percentage, that expresses the preference of a
society as a whole for present returns rather than
future returns and that sometimes is proposed as a
discount rate for project analysis.
社会时间偏好率
一个通常用百分数形式来表示的一个比率，表示
就社会整体而言，偏重于当前的收益而非未来的
收益，有时还被建议用作项目分析的折现率。
social wants
社会需要
social welfare
社会福利
social welfare function
社会福利功能
socialization of risks*
风险社会化
socioeconomic status - SES
社会经济状况（简写为SES）
soft component [projects]
（项目的）软成分
soft currency
A currency with a falling exchange rate due to
continuing balance of payments deficits.
软通货
由于国际收支持续赤字而汇率下跌的货币。
soft loan
A loan with no rate of interest or a rate of interest
below the cost of the capital being lent.
软贷款
一种没有利率或利率低于借出资本成本的贷款。
soft loan affiliate
软贷款附属机构
soft loan window
软贷款窗口
soft project
A project of a social nature.
软项目
一种社会性项目。
soft technical assistance
软技术援助
见institution-related technical assistance
software
软件
softwood forest
针叶树森林
soil conservation
水土保持
soil study, survey
土壤研究，土壤调查
sole cropping; monoculture
Cultivation of a single crop as wheat or cotton to the
exclusion of other possible uses of the land.
单一作物耕种法
种植一种单一作物（如小麦或棉花）而排除其他
可能的土地使用方式。
sole source procurement
Procurement from a single vendor, without benefit
of competitive bidding.
单一来源采购
从单一的供应商那里采购，没有竞争性招标的优
点。
solids-free sewerage
固体过滤排污系统
见effluent sewerage
solid state technology
固态工艺，固态技术
sound loan
健全的贷款，好的贷款
sour gas discharge
酸性气体排放
source and use of funds statement 资金来源与运用
表
见statement of changes in financial position
sources and application of funds statement 资金来
源与运用表
见statement of changes in financial position
sourcing; outsourcing
The process whereby an institution, corporation, etc.
has an entire service carried out by an external
company or purchases its entire needs in a specific
area from an outside company.
外部采购
指一个机构或公司的整项服务由一个外部公司
承包，或从一家外部公司采购其在某个特定领域
的全部需求品。
Southern Cone
南部锥形地区
sovereign act doctrine
Legal theory according to which the courts of one
country should abstain from passing judgment about
the legality of a sovereign act by a foreign state.
主权行为学说
法律理论，认为一个国家的法院应该避免对一个
外国主权行为的合法性作出判断。
sovereign credit, loan
A borrowing guaranteed by the state.
政府（主权）信贷、贷款
由政府担保的借款
sovereign creditor
政府（主权）贷款者
sovereign risk
The risk of changes in a borrowing country´s overall
foreign exchange position, which might affect its
ability to repay a loan.
借款国外汇风险
一个借款国总的外汇头寸发生变化的风险，这种
情况可能会影响它的偿贷能力。
sovereign risk loan
Loan to a State or loan where the State takes the
responsibility for the loan.
主权风险贷款
对一个国家的贷款，或由国家承担责任的贷款。
spate irrigation
漫灌
见flood irrigation
Spearman´s rank correlation coefficient
A measure of the degree to which two variables are
associated with each other, not necessarily in value
but in rank. The coefficient will be between +1 (high
association) and -1.
斯皮尔曼氏等级相关系数
用于衡量两个价值上未必相互关联但等级上相
互关联的变量的关联程度。该系数介于+1（高度
关联）和负1之间。
Special Assistance Facility*
特别援助贷款
special budget; extraordinary budget
特别预算；非常预算
Special commitment charge*
特别承诺费
Special Joint Financing
Special financing made by several countries
(Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United
Kingdom initially) in addition to contributions made
directly to the Special Facility for Sub-Saharan
Africa using arrangements negotiated directly
between IDA and the contributors to be used in
countries meeting the eligibility requirements of the
Facility with repayment terms at least equivalent to
IDA terms and with procurement open at least to
those countries under the Facility.
特别联合融资
几个国家（最初为德国、日本、瑞士和英国）在
“对撒哈拉以南非洲地区的特别贷款”的直接捐
赠以外的提供的特别融资。该融资采用国际开发
协会和捐款国直接协商的安排，用于符合“特别
贷款”资格的国家，还款条件至少相当于国际开
发协会的条件，至少要在“特别贷款”项下的那
些国家进行公开采购。
special majority
特殊多数
special operational emphasis - SOE
Concept introduced in FY88 which provided for
attention to be focused on priority development
objectives. Currently includes such areas as the
environment, debt and adjustment, poverty
reduction, food security and private sector
development.
特殊业务重点（简写为SOE）
1988财政年度引入的概念，要求把重点放在优先
的发展目标上。目前这些领域包括环境、债务和
调整、减除贫困、粮食安全和私营部门发展。
Special Project Preparation Facility-SPPF*
特别项目准备贷款（简写为SPPF）
Special Reserve [World Bank]
A reserve set aside by the Bank to meet liabilities
such as defaulting loans, liabilities on borrowings or
guarantees, contractual payments of interest, other
charges or amortization on the Bank´s own
borrowings or similar payments on loans guaranteed
by the Bank.
特别储备[世界银行]
世界银行保留的一种储备金，用于债务（如拖欠
的贷款、借款或担保负债、契约性利息支付、世
界银行自身借款的其它费用或分期付款或世界
银行担保的贷款的类似付款）的支付。
specialized agency [UN]
专门机构[联合国]
specific (customs) duty
从量关税
specific investment loan - SIL [IBRD]
World Bank loan for a specific investment project.
特定投资贷款（简写为SIL）[国际复兴开发银行]
世界银行对一个特定投资项目的贷款。
specific performance
具体执行情况
spending ministry
开支部，消费部
spillover effect, impact; spinoff effect
An effect that occurs when an economic unit not
directly involved benefits from a transaction,
project, etc.
外溢效应、影响；连带效应
与一笔交易或项目等没有直接关系的经济单位
从该交易或项目中受益时所产生的效应。
spillover exports
Goods normally consumed by the domestic market
but available for export because of low domestic
demand.
“溢出性”出口
通常为国内市场消费、但因国内需求小因而也可
供出口的货物。
spillway chute; tailrace
溢洪道，回水渠
spinning reserve [electricity]
That reserve generating capacity connected to the
bus and ready to take load.
运转备用，热备用，施工储备[电力]
与母线连接，随时准备承担电力负荷的备用发电
能力。
spinoff [financial market]
The transfer by a corporation of a portion of its
assets to a newly formed corporation in exchange for
the latter´s capital stock, which is thereupon
distributed as a dividend to the stockholders of the
first corporation.
让产易股，抽资脱离[金融市场]
一家公司把部分资产转移到一个新成立的公司
以换取后者的股本，并将其作为股利分配给第一
家公司股东的做法。
spinoff effect; spillover effect, impact
An effect that occurs when an economic unit not
directly involved benefits from a transaction,
project, etc.
连带效应；外溢效应
与一笔交易或一个项目等没有直接关系的经济
单位从该笔交易或项目中受益时所产生的效应。
splicing
Linking different series of data based on slightly
different definitions into a single series.
拼接（数据系列）
把定义略有出入的不同数据系列连成一个系列。
split degree
Higher education degree split between a local
university and top-rated international university or
other educational institution.
分授学位
一所本国大学和高级国际大学或其它教育机构
分别授予的高等教育学位。
sponsor
发起人，主办人，保证人
spontaneous lending
自愿贷款
见voluntary lending
spot exchange rate
The exchange rate prevailing under a spot contract,
i.e. delivery in one or two business days or less.
即期汇率
使用于即期合同（在一、两个营业日或更短时间
内交割）的汇率。
spot improvement, patching; road, surface patching;
patching [highways]
小块修补，路面修补，零补[公路]
spot market; cash market [foreign exchange]
Foreign exchange market where currency is sold for
immediate delivery. 现货市场，现金市场[外汇]
出售货币立即交割的外汇市场。
见futures market
spot market [commodities]
Market where goods are sold for cash, for immediate
delivery.
现货市场[商品]
出售货物收取现金并立即交货的市场。
spot patching, improvement; road, surface patching;
patching [highways]
小片补坑，路面修补，零补[公路]
spot price
The price of a commodity available for immediate
sale and delivery, the commodity being referred to
as a “spot” commodity.
现货价格
可立即出售和交货的现成商品的价格。这种商品
称为“现货”。
spot quotation
现货报价
spotted cotton
Cotton that has been changed in color to a brown,
écru or yellow cast by unfavorable weather, wet
bolls, stems, leaves or rainstorms. The spots affect
the grading.
斑污的棉花
由于不良的气候、潮湿的棉铃、茎、叶，以及暴
雨，致使颜色变成棕色、淡褐色或黄色的棉花。
这种污点影响棉花的评级。
spray irrigation
Sprinkling water over land to be used for crops.
Often used to dispose of wastewater from sewage
treatment plants.
喷洒灌溉，喷灌
把水喷洒于准备种植作物的土地上。常常使用经
过污水厂处理过的废水。
spraying
喷雾
见knapsack spraying
spread (e.g. between borrowing cost and lending
rates)
Difference between rate at which bank borrows
money and rate at which it onlends funds to its
customers.
利差（如借款成本与放款利率之间的差额）
银行借钱的利率与转贷给客户的资金的利率之
间的差额。
spread (between spot and forward quotations)
（现货牌价与期货牌价之间的）利差
spread of spreads
利差之间的差额
spreadsheet
棋盘式计算表[会计]
sprinkle irrigation
A method of irrigation in which water (under
adequate pressure) is sprinkled over the land
through nozzle lines, perforated pipes or sprinklers.
喷灌
一种灌溉方法，使水（在适当压力下）通过喷管、
有孔管道或喷水器对土地进行喷洒灌溉。
squat, to
占有公有场地，违章占地
squatter
占有公有场地者，违章占地者
squatter area, settlement
违章建筑区，违章居住区
squeeze
紧缩
见credit squeeze
Stabex (System for the stabilization of ACP and
OCT mining products) [European Communities]
稳定非洲、加勒比及太平洋地区与海外国家和地
区的矿产品制度[欧洲共同体]
stabilization fund
平准基金
stabilizers
稳定器
见built-in stabilizers
staff
工作人员
staff, to
配备工作人员
staff appraisal report - SAR
工作人员评估报告（简写为SAR）
staff assistant
工作人员助理
staff audit
Check by Personnel on staff management functions,
e.g. performance reviews to see that they are being
carried out properly.
管理职能审计、评价
人事部门对员工管理职能的检查（例如业绩评
审），看其业务是否得到适当的执行。
staff department
人事部门
staff development
人员开发
staff house
工作人员住房
staff-month
工作人员-月
staff rule
员工条例
Staff Rules [IBRD]
《员工条例》[国际复兴开发银行]
Staff Working Paper-SWP*
（世界银行）工作人员工作文件（简写为SWP）
staffing
人员配备
staffing ratio
人员配备比率
staffyear equivalent - SYE
工作人员年等量（简写为SYE）
stagflation
滞胀
stagnation (of the economy)
（经济）停滞
stakeholders
利益持有者，利益相关者
stall feeding
圈养
stand [forest]
一片林木[林业]
stand-alone project
独立的项目
standard charge section
The basis of the Bank´s budgetary system, it
comprises five basic attributes of all administrative
expenditures (managing unit, source of funds,
expense category (type of goods or services), task
category (Bank function) and product. All
administrative commitments and expenditures are
related to the standard charge section.
标准费用项
世界银行预算制度的基础，包括所有行政开支的
五项基本属性：管理单位、资金来源、开支类别
（货物或劳务的类型）、任务类别（世行职能）
和产出。所有行政承诺和开支都与标准费用项有
关。
standard conversion factor - SCF
A number, usually less than 1 that can be multiplied
by the domestic market price, opportunity cost, or
value in use of a nontraded item to convert it to an
equivalent border price that reflects the effect of
trade distortions on domestic prices of that good or
service. A standard conversion factor is the
reciprocal of 1 plus the foreign exchange premium
stated in decimal form.
标准换算系数（简写为SCF）
通常为一个小于“1”的数字，可以通过与国内
市场价格、机会成本或非贸易项目的值相乘，换
算成一个边境价格的等量值。该价格反映了贸易
扭曲对该商品或劳务的国内价格的影响。一个标
准换算系数是“1”加上以小数表示的外汇溢价
的倒数。
standard cost accounting
A method of accounting whereby standard costs (i.e.
forecast costs under projected conditions) are the
basis for credits to work-in-process accounts
标准成本会计
指一种以标准成本（即预期条件下的预计成本）
作为在制品帐户贷方记录基础的会计方法。
standard deduction [taxation]
标准扣除额[税收]
standard deviation
A commonly used measure of the degree to which a
variable is dispersed around its mean value.
标差
一个常用的度量标准，用以衡量一个变量的分布
位置与其均值的偏离程度。
Standard International Trade Classification - SITC
国际贸易标准分类（简写为SITC）
standard of living
生活标准，生活水平
standard rate (of interest)
标准利率
standard recovery
Recovery of currency used in lending operations
subject to maintenance of value. Recovery takes
place on the first recall date of the Bank´s fiscal year
following the ninth anniversary of the disbursement
of the currency by the Bank and every ten years
thereafter。
标准回收
为保值目的而进行的贷款业务货币回收。回收在
世界银行货币支付满9周年以后的财政年度的第
一个回收日进行，此后每10 年进行一次。
standard values [trade]
标准值[贸易]
standardized occupational streams
标准化职业类别
standby agreement [IFC]
备用协定[国际金融公司]
standby amount of guarantee
The amount of guarantee provided under standby
coverage.
备用担保额
指在备用承保额项下提供的担保额度。
参见maximum amount of guarantee
standby arrangement [IMF]
备用安排，备用信贷协定[国际货币基金组织]
standby commitment [IFC]
备用承付款项[国际金融公司]
standby coverage [MIGA]
An option to obtain coverage for additional
contributions to the investment project. Under
MIGA rules, this standby coverage may not exceed
fifty percent of the initial amount of the guarantee
and shall in no case exceed one hundred percent.
备用承保额[多边投资担保机构]
为投资项目增加的投资额取得承保的一种选择。
根据多边投资担保机构的规定，这种备用承保的
承保额不应超过首次承保额的50%，并在任何情
况下不得超过100%。
standby equity [investment]
In investment an agreement that is conditional on
stock purchase.
备购股本[投资]
在投资中以购买股票为条件的协议。
standby loan
Loan which is not part of the current schedule but
which can be presented to the Board if other projects
slip.
备用贷款
没有列在目前计划表内，但在别的项目落选的情
况下，可以报送执董会审批的贷款。
standby (lending) program [IBRD]
Lending operations that are under preparation and
are likely to be ready for the fiscal year following the
fiscal year in question but may be ready sooner and
which could substitute for projects in the fiscal year
in question.
备用（贷款）计划[国际复兴开发银行]
指目前正在准备中并有可能在本财年后的财年
准备好的贷款项目。这种项目也可能提前准备
好，并有可能取代本财年中的一些项目。
standby premium [MIGA]
Additional premium charged for standby coverage.
后备保险费[多边投资担保机构]
对备用承保额另外收取的保险费。
standby underwriting commitment [IFC]
候补包销承诺[国际金融公司]
standing， financial standing
资信状况，资信等级
见creditworthiness
standing instructions, orders
长期有效的规定
standpipe; standpost; hydrant
立式取水管；直立水管
standstill
In GATT, means no new trade restrictions
inconsistent with GATT, no new trade restrictions
which go further than necessary to remedy specific
situations provided for in GATT and no trade
measures taken to improve negotiating positions.
维持现状
关贸总协定用语，意为不采取与关贸总协定不一
致的新的贸易限制，不采取超过关贸总协定中规
定的补救特定情况所必需的新的贸易限制，不采
取旨在改善谈判地位的贸易措施。
standstill agreement
维持现状协议，冻结协定
staple (food)
主食（食物）
staple (food crop)
主食作物（粮食作物）
staple (good)
大宗（货物）
starchy root crop
淀粉质根茎作物
start-up cost
开办费，启动费
state of the art [noun] *
工艺水平[名词]
state eligible to sign (the Convention) [ICSID]
有资格签署（公约）的国家[解决投资争端国际
中心]
statement
（财务）报表，清单，声明，报告
statement of account
帐目表，帐目清单
statement of changes in financial position; sources
and application of funds statement; funds statement;
working capital statement; source and use of funds
statement; funds flow statement; changes in working
capital statement; statement of sources and
applications of funds; statement of cash flows
[World Bank]
A statement used in conventional accounting which
summarizes the financing and investing activities of
an entity, including the extent to which the enterprise
has generated funds from operations during the
period and for completing the disclosure of changes
in financial position during the period. The first
English term is the one recommended by the U.S.
Accounting Principles Board (APB) since 1971; the
second and last terms are the ones found most
frequently in the World Bank and IFC; and the third
is the most common one used in the U.S. prior to the
APB recommendation. The other terms are also
found.
财务状况变动表；资金来源和运用表；资金报告；
流动资金表；资金来源和用途表；资金流动表；
流动资金变动表；资金来源和运用表；现金流量
表[世界银行]
传统会计中使用的报表。它总结了一个实体的筹
资和投资活动，包括在报告期内该企业从其业务
活动中产生资金的数量，并对报告期内财务状况
变动进行披露。第一个英文词条是美国会计准则
委员会（APB ）1971 年以来推荐使用的；第二
个和最后一个词条是世界银行和国际金融公司
频繁使用的；第三个词条是美国在APB推荐之前
最常用的。其它的词条也见使用。
statement of condition [IDA]
A statement of IDA´s financial situation.
财务状况报告[国际开发协会]
指国际开发协会的财务状况报告。
statement of expenditure - SOE
开支报告（简写为SOE）
statement of sources and applications of funds
资金来源与运用表
见statement of changes in financial position
state-owned enterprise - SOE
国有企业（简写为SOE）
state-trading countries
国营贸易国家
static efficiency
The efficiency with which current outputs are
produced.
静态效率
指目前的产品生产效率。
Static Life Index [commodities]
Index in years of reserves of a commodity assuming
no growth in rate of production.
静态寿命指数[商品]
在假定生产率无增长的情况下，一种商品储量的
储存年数。
static welfare analysis*
静态福利分析
status
状况
status report; progress report
状况报告；进展报告
statutory body
法定实体，法定团体
statutory ceiling
法定最高限额，法定上限
statutory lending limit - SLL
The maximum amount of total outstanding
guarantees, participations in loans and direct loans,
equal to one hundred percent of the unimpaired
subscribed capital, reserves and surplus of the Bank.
法定贷款限额（简写为SLL）
指总担保余额、贷款参与和直接贷款的最大限
额。相当于世界银行未减损的认缴资本、储备金
和盈余的百分之百。
stay of enforcement [ICSID]
停止执行[解决投资争端国际中心]
steady state lending
Lending position whereby the total amount
disbursed and outstanding equals the sum of the
annual amounts disbursed and outstanding.
恒稳状态贷款
指已支付和未偿还的贷款余额与每年发放的已
支付未偿还贷余额相等的情况。
steady state operations*
恒稳状态运行
steam coal
Coal intermediate in rank between bituminous coal
and anthracite. Typical steam coals have a
carbon/hydrogen ratio of about 20% (more =
anthracite less = bituminous coals). Some steam
coals are used for smelting and coke making while
others are specifically suitable for steam generation.
锅炉用煤，蒸汽煤
这种煤的等级介于烟煤与无烟煤之间。典型锅炉
用煤的碳/氢比率约为20%（高于20%的为烟煤，
低于20%的为无烟煤）。某些锅炉用煤适合熔炼
和炼焦，其余的则特别适合蒸汽发电。
steam plant
蒸汽厂
steelmaking
炼钢
见open-hearth steelmaking
steepness (of a curve)
（曲线的）倾斜度
stemming-from benefit
A form of indirect benefit that accrues to purchasers
of project outputs that are themselves intermediate
products. The direct and indirect value added
generated in forward-linked industries. For example,
cotton that is produced by an agricultural project and
that would be used in existing cotton gins having
unused production capacity might allow those gins
to create additional value added that would not exist
without the project. Stemming-from benefits
sometimes are calculated using specialized
input- output multipliers. Would not normally exist
where project outputs are traded, since the same
stemming-from benefits could be had by increasing
imports of the intermediate product or by diverting
exports to local use.
衍生利益，衍生收益
通过购买本身是中间产品的项目产品而使买方
获得的一种间接形式的收益。这种直接的或间接
的增加值是由前向联系的行业产生的。例如，如
果将一个农业项目所生产的棉花用于有剩余生
产能力的轧花厂，那么就可使这些轧花厂产生在
没有该项目的条件下不可能产生的额外的增加
值。衍生效益有时使用专门的投入/产出乘数来计
算。由于通过增加中间产品的进口或把出口产品
转用于国内也可以得到同样的衍生利益，因此在
项目产品进行贸易的情况下，（买方）衍生利益
一般不存在。
step-down power station
Power station where the outgoing power from the
transformers is at a lower voltage than the incoming
power.
降压变电站
从变压器输出的电压低于输入电压的电站。
step-down, step-up interest rates
Interest rates which are below market rates in the
early period of the loan and above market rate in the
latter part of the loan.
先低后高利率
指一种贷款利率，在贷款初期低于市场利率，而
在贷款后期则高于市场利率。
stepped tariff structure
分级关税结构，阶梯式费率结构
step-up power station
升压变电站
stock accounting; stores accounting
存货会计
stock carrying capacity [livestock]
牲畜喂养能力，载畜能力[畜牧]
stock corporation
股份公司
stock dilution, watering; dilution
The lessening of an ownership share´s earnings and
assets equity, caused by the issue of more ownership
shares without corresponding increases in earnings
and assets.
股份搀水
指增发股票而在收益和资产方面没有相应的增
加，从而导致的股票收益和资产股本的减少。
stock dividend
股息，股票红利
stock exchange transaction
股票交易所交易，证券交易所交易
stock option
股票购买选择权，股票购买权
stock ownership
股权
stock rights [IFC]
认股权，认股优惠权[国际金融公司]
stock watering
股份搀水
见stock lilution
stock watering [livestock]
牲畜饮水[畜牧]
stockholders´ equity; shareholders´ equity; owners´
equity; equity; net worth
The value of assets less liabilities of a corporation.
All the terms given here are generally synonymous,
but accountants tend to give different slants to these
terms in certain circumstances, so they may, on
occasion, have slightly different meanings.
股东权益（产权）；产权；股本；净值
一个股份公司的资产减去负债后的价值。这里所
例举的所有词条一般都是同义词，但会计人员在
特定的情况下对这些词条含义有不同的侧重，因
此它们在不同的场合下含义略有不同。
stocking rate [livestock]
The relative number of livestock per unit area for a
specific time.
牲畜存有率[牲畜]
在特定时间每一单位区域内牲畜的相对数量。
stockpiling
大量储存，积压
stop and go growth
时停时续的增长，停停长长
stopgap measure
终止措施
stop-go, stop and go policy
Action on the part of the government to curtail
aggregate demand due to, for example, a balance of
payments deficit, soon followed by action with the
opposite effect to ameliorate the rise in
unemployment caused by the first action.
时停时进的政策，时紧时松的政策
指政府为制止由诸如国际收支逆差引起的总需
求而采取行动后不久，又为缓和前一行动引起的
失业上升而采取效果相反的行动。
storage dam
蓄水坝
store-of-value
One of the functions of money in that it stores wealth
or value. An individual can sell a good or a service
and store the money until he needs something and
can then use the money to purchase what he needs.
价值储存功能
是货币的基本功能之一，即储存财富或价值。一
个人可以出售一项货物或劳务并把货币贮存起
来，到需要某种东西的时候即可以用这些货币来
购买。
stores accounting; stock accounting
存货会计
storm water drainage system
洪峰排水系统
straight bond
Bond with unquestioned right to repayment of
principal at a specified future date, unquestioned
right to fixed interest payments on stated dates, and
no right to any additional interest, principal, or
conversion privilege.
直接债券
对在将来某一特定日期得到本金偿还并在规定
的日期得到固定利息支付具有无可置疑的权利
的债券。但该种债券无权得到任何额外的利息、
本金和转换方面的特权。
straight-line depreciation; depreciation on a straight
line
Assignment of the service cost of any item to the
benefits to be yielded by the item. In practice, a
period charge for depreciation is usually substituted
for a more exact measurement of benefits yielded.
直线折旧法
把一项产品的服务成本在该产品将来的产出收
益上进行分摊。在实践中，往往以定期提取的折
旧费来代替更为精确地衡量出来的产出收益。
strategic investors
Major investors who have a significant equity
investment in a company and, by virtue of their
specialized knowledge, play an active role in the
management of the company.
战略投资家
指在一个公司里有相当大的股份投资，并靠其专
业知识在公司管理中发挥积极作用的主要投资
人。
stratospheric ozone
同温层臭氧
stream, to go on
投产（生产）
streamed school
按智力分班的学校
streamlined project procedure
A procedure adopted by IFC for more rapid review
of investment projects. Projects must be for less
than $25 million in loans or $10 million in equity,
have no novel features and must be to countries in
which IFC has invested in the last five years.
简化的项目审批程序[国际金融公司]
指国际金融公司为更快地审查投资项目而采用
的一种程序。这种程序所适用的贷款项目的条件
是，贷款额必须低于2500万美元或股本投资低于
1000万美元，没有新特点，而且必须用于国际金
融公司最近5年内进行过投资的国家。
streamlining
合理化，精简
streams of costs and benefits
成本和收益量
strength charge
Charge levied for water pollution, based on
concentration of pollutants in the water, rather than
on volume of wastewater discharged. 按（废水排
放）强度收费
按水中污染物的浓度而不是按污水排放量进行
的水污染收费。
参见volumetric charge
stretching mechanism*
弹性机制
strip check irrigation
条灌
见border check irrigation
strip cropping
条播法
见alley cropping
strip irrigation
条灌
见border check irrigation
strip mining; open pit, open cast, open cut mining
露天采矿
strip of maturities
A time portion of each of the maturities of a
multi-maturity loan.
到期日分期，按到期日划分
按到期日分期的一项多种到期日贷款。
strip participation
Participation in each of the maturities of a
multimaturity loan.
逐期参与
在一项多种到期日贷款中，对每一个到期日进行
参与。
strip planting
条栽法
stripping
流失
见asset stripping
stripping ratio [mining]
Unit amount of spoil or waste that must be removed
to gain access to a similar unit amount of ore or
mineral material.
剥离比率[矿业]
为取得相同单位的矿石或矿物量而必须剥离的
沙土或废料的单位量。
strong currency; hard currency
硬通货
Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) within the
Special Disbursement Account [IMF]
Facility created by the International Monetary Fund
in March 1986 to provide balance of payments
assistance on concessional terms to low income
developing countries. The resources will consist of
assets received in the Special Disbursement Account
as a result of the termination of the Trust Fund.
特别支付帐户内的结构调整贷款（简写为SAF）
[国际货币基金组织]
指国际货币基金组织1986年3月设立的一种贷款
形式，旨在以优惠条件对低收入发展中国家提供
国际收支援助。由于信托基金的终止，该贷款的
资金来源将由特别支付帐户收到的资产构成。
structural adjustment lending - SAL
结构调整贷款（简写为SAL）
structural unemployment
结构性失业
structural work
结构工程
structured financing
Financing using structured securities.
结构性融资
用结构证券进行融资。
structured security
Security that is a combination of derivatives and
standard cash securities, with its reimbursement and
risk terms structured according to the client’s needs.
结构证券
指由衍生和标准现金证券相结合的证券，其偿还
和风险条件按客户的需要进行安排。
stubble mulch farming
茬地覆盖耕作法
student flow
学生流量
student placement
学生编班
student-teacher ratio - STR; pupil-teacher ratio -
PTR; teacher-pupil ratio
师生比率[简写为STR，PTR]
stumpage fee
立木采伐费
stumpage price
立木价格
stunting; nutritional dwarfing
Being smaller than the standard height based on a
height-for-age formula, as developed by WHO.
Below minus two standard deviations from median
weight for height for age of reference population.
生长不良；营养缺乏性身材矮小
指身材低于世界卫生组织制定的年龄/身高公式
中的标准身高。即年龄/身高与参照人口的中间值
相比低两个标准离差以上。
stylized fact
A generalization about economic trends
extrapolated from data or an individual or group of
individual countries.
引伸性事实
从个别国家或一组单个国家的数据中归纳出来
的一般经济趋势。
subborrower
A smaller loan which is a part of a larger loan, often
one provided for onlending.
分贷借款人
一笔大贷款中的一小部分贷款，常常用于转贷。
subcontract
分包合同，分转承包
subcontractor
分包商
subgrade [highways]
路基[公路]
subirrigation; subsoil irrigation
地下灌溉；潜灌
subject matter [education]
专业题材[教育]
subject matter specialist - SMS [agricultural
extension]
专题专家（简写为SMS）[农业推广]
subloan
A loan that has been onlent.
分贷款，转贷款
被转贷的贷款。
submerged bridge
水下桥梁，潜水桥
submerged economy
隐蔽经济
见parallel economy
subordinated debt
次要债务
见junior debt
subordinated loan
A loan where repayment is made subject to other
conditions being met, normally repayment of other
loans which are deemed to be “senior” (often
because they are secured).
非优先偿还贷款，次级贷款，后偿贷款
指须在其他条件满足后才能得到偿还的贷款，一
般是指被视为“优先”的其他贷款（这种贷款一
般已被担保）得到偿还以后。
subordinate lender
Lender holding a subordinated loan.
非优先偿还贷款放款人
进行非优先偿还贷款的贷款人。
subordination fee
A fee IFC receives because its debt is subordinated
to other debts.
非优先偿还债务费用[国际金融公司]
国际金融公司由于其债务在偿还方面次于其他
债务而收取的费用。
subproject
分项目，子项目
subscriber trunk dialing - STD
用户中继线拨号（简写为STD）
subsidiarity
Principle according to which the higher levels of
government should be as limited as possible and
should be subsidiary to those of lower levels.
辅助作用
一种认为政府的高层机构应越小越好，并应对较
下级机构起辅助作用的原则。
subsidiary account
An account maintained in a separate record and
controlled by an account in the general ledger.
辅助帐户
一个单独记录并由总帐中的某个帐户控制的帐
户。
Subsidiary Agreement [IBRD]
辅助协议[国际复兴开发银行]
subsidiary loan
辅助贷款
subsistence allowance
生活津贴
subsistence economy
仅能维持基本生存的经济，自给经济
subsistence farming
自给农业，生计农业，仅能维持基本生计的农业
subsoil irigation; subirrigation
地下灌溉，潜灌
substantive law
The major part of any legal system, concerned with
the legal rights attributed to and legal duties imposed
on particular legal persons in particular
circumstances. Includes both primary or antecedent
rights.
实体法
指任何法律制度的主体部分，侧重于对特定法人
在特定的情况下被赋予的法律权利和被施加的
法律责任。包括主要的或先行的权利。
substitution effect
The effect on the demand for a good of a change in
price of that good assuming real income is held
constant.
替代效应
在假定实际收入保持不变的情况下，某一货物的
价格变动对该货物的需求产生的效应。
subtractability
How much one user’s consumption of a good or
service subtracts from the ability of others to
consume the good or service.
减少量
指一个使用者对某一货物或劳务的消费导致其
他人对该货物或劳务的消费的能力减少的量。
subtransmission line; secondary transmission line
Transmission line in a subtransmission system, i.e.
one which supplies distribution substations from
bulk power sources, such as large transmission
substations or generating stations.
辅助输电线路，次级输电线路
辅助输电系统中的输电线路。即从大容量电源
（如大变电站或发电厂）向配电站输送电力的输
电线路。
subunderwriter [IFC]
分包销商[国际金融公司]
success fee
Fee paid that is proportional to amount of funds
obtained.
成功费
按获得的资金数额的一定比例支付的费用。
successful bidder
（投标）得标人
summary account
汇总帐户
summary of project information
项目信息摘要
Summary Proceedings
简易（诉讼）程序，即决裁判
summary statement
汇总表，总表
sundry assets
杂项资产
sundry cash accounts
杂项现金帐户
sundry liabilities
杂项负债
sunk cost
A cost incurred in the past that cannot be retrieved as
a residual value from an earlier investment.
旁置成本，隐没成本
指一项过去已发生，但不能作为以前投资的残值
收回的成本。
sunset clause
自动取消条款
superannuation
退休（金），退职（金）
superintendency (of banks)
（对银行的）监管、督察
supervision mission
监督团
supervisory grades
管理人员级别
supervisory staff
监督人员
supplemental letter; side letter
（贷款协议）补充信函
Supplemental Reserve against Losses on Loans and
from Currency Devaluations (Supplemental
Reserve)
A reserve established by the Bank in 1950, into
which the Bank maintained a policy of automatically
allocating all of its net income until FY64. It was
renamed General Reserve in FY76.
防备贷款和货币贬值造成损失的补充储备（补充
储备）
是世界银行1950年建立的一项储备金。为此，世
界银行从1964财年以来一直保持着一项政策，即
把它的净收入自动地分配进这项储备。在1976财
年，它被重新命名为“一般储备”。
supplementary contributions [IDA]
补充捐款[国际开发协会]
supplier industry
供应行业
supplier credit; supplier´s credit
Export finance made available to the supplier of the
goods (as distinct from credits to the overseas buyer
under buyer´s credits)).
卖方信贷，供应商信贷
对货物供应商提供的出口信贷（不同于对国外买
方提供的买方信贷）。
supply curve
A graphical representation of the relationship
between the supply of a commodity and its price
(usually with price on the vertical axis and quantity
supplied measured along the horizontal axis). The
positive relationship between these two variables is
reflected by the fact that the supply curve slopes
upwards from left to right.
供应曲线
表示某一商品的供应和其价格之间关系的图（通
常竖轴代表价格，横轴代表供应量）。这两个变
量的关系为正数时，供应曲线自左向右向上倾
斜。
supply line; service; service line; connection
[electricity]
供电线；辅线；接电线[电力]
supply management
供应管理
supply-push factors
Factors that encourage migrants to leave their own
country.
供应推动因素
如鼓励移民离开自己国家的一些因素。
supply side economics
Economic policies and actions that will have
long-term benefits even though they may be
contractionary in the short-term. Supports the theory
that money injected anywhere into the financial
system expands the entire economy.
供应派经济学
认为经济政策和行为虽然在短期内可能会起紧
缩作用，但也会有长期的效益。它支持这样一种
理论，即无论在何处投进金融体制的钱都会给整
个经济带来增长。
supply side politics
Political point of view favoring supply side
economics.
供应学派政治
支持供应学派经济学的政治观点。
supply system; delivery system
供应系统；交货系统
support department [IBRD]
辅助局[国际复兴开发银行]
support price
支持价格；维持价格
surface course; wearing course [highways]
路面表层；磨损层[公路]
surface dressing [highways]
路面修整[公路]
surface irrigation
地面灌溉
surface, road patching; spot improvement, patching;
patching [highways]
路面修补；零补[公路]
surfacing [highways]
铺设路面[公路]
surplus country
顺差国家
surplus dividend
Dividend paid over and above statutorily required
dividend.
超额股利
指超过规定股利之上的股利。
surplus on invisibles
无形资产收入盈余
surrogate market
Similar markets to the target market that can be used
for study purposes. For example, in assessing
environmental damage, the property value of the
target and similar, surrogate markets can be assessed
to determine how much property values have been
reduced as a result of environmental degradation.
代用市场
可作研究目的之用的市场与目标市场相类似。例
如，在估价环境损害中，可以对目标市场和与其
类似的代用市场的财产价值进行估计，以确定由
于环境受到破坏而使财产价值减少的程度。
survey
考察，调查
survey mission
考察团
survey of resources
资源考察
survival rate [education]
The percentage of pupils enrolled in the first grade
who reach subsequent grades.
升级率[教育]
在上一年级注册的学生升入下一年级的百分比。
suspended matter
悬浮物质
suspended particulate matter - SPM
Particulate matter suspended in a fluid.
悬浮颗粒物质（简写为SPM）
悬浮在液体中的颗粒物质。
suspense account
A temporary account for funds which have not yet
been identified.
暂记帐户
记录尚未认定的资金的临时帐户。
sustainability
可持续性
sustainable development
Economic growth conducted in an environment- ally
responsible manner.
可持续发展
用对环境负责的方式取得的经济增长。
sustainable forestry
Forestry which aims at replacing trees that have been
cut down.
可持续林业
采伐后及时更新的林业。
sustainable level of lending - SLL
可持续的贷款水平（简称SLL）
sustainable net national product - SNNP
A measure of a country´s economic performance, it
differs from GNP and GDP in that investments to
maintain the integrity of the environment are
excluded from the computation as is income
generated from harvesting a resource stock over and
beyond its capacity to be replenished. It therefore
differs from GNP in that it can be used to
demonstrate to policymakers the monetary value
(loss) associated with policies that allow
unsustainable use of a country´s resources.
可持续的国民生产净值（简写为SNNP）
是衡量一个国家经济业绩的标准。与国民生产总
值和国内生产总值的不同之处在于，它在计算中
扣除了用于保持环境完整性的投资和从过度地、
超过其再生能力地使用资源中获取的收入。因
此，与国民生产总值不同，它可以用来向决策者
显示，由于允许采取不可持续性地使用一国资源
的政策所带来的有关以货币计值的损失。
sustained growth
持续增长
swap
A spot purchase of foreign exchange (currency
swaps), fixed or floating rate funds (interest rate
swaps) or assets (asset swaps) with simultaneous
forward sale or vice versa. Pase financiero is an
Argentinian system, related to the swap system,
whereby persons or institutions making capital
investments are given an “exchange guarantee,”
which guarantees that the funds can be reexchanged
at a predetermined exchange rate on a specific date.
swap；debt-for-health swaps； Global Swap
Authority； interest （rate）swap]
掉期，置换
即购买即期外汇（货币掉期）、固定或浮动利率
基金（利率掉期）或资产（资产掉期），同时在
远期市场作期货销售，或者作相反的交易。Pase
financiero是阿根庭与置换有关的一种制度，在个
人或机构作资本投资时可以得到一项“外汇担
保”，使该项投资资金可以按预先确定的汇率在
某一特定的日期重新换回外汇。
亦见currrency swap；debt-equity swap；
debt-for-health swaps； Global Swap Authority；
interest （rate）swap
swap, to [finance]
To carry out a swap transaction.
置换，掉期[金融]
进行掉期交易。
swap market
掉期、置换市场
亦见currency swap; interest (rate) swap
sweat equity
A share or interest in a building obtained as a result
of contributing labor to its construction and/or
maintenance.
血汗产权
由于对建筑物的施工和（或）维修作出贡献了劳
力，因而对该建筑物拥有的股份或权益。
swing fuel*
替代燃料
swing producer
In oil production, a country that varies its production
to ensure that a previously agreed cartel price
remains fixed. In practice, OPEC uses Saudi Arabia
as the swing producer to keep a certain fixed price.
摆动生产国
指在石油生产中，石油生产国通过调整产量来保
持以前达成的卡特尔价格不变。在实践中，石油
输出国组织用沙特阿拉伯作为摆动生产国来保
持某一固定的价格。
swing space
Temporary space used to provide office space for
staff whose current offices are being remodeled or
demolished but for whom new office space is not yet
available.
临时办公室
在原办公室进行改造或拆除而新的办公室尚未
就绪前，供工作人员办公的临时空间。
switching equipment [telephone]
交换台设备[电话]
switching policies
政策转变
switching value [sensitivity analysis]
The value that reverses the ranking of two alternative
projects. For example, Farm A will produce
beef with high technology equipment and few
workers, while Farm B will consist of a
low-technology operation employing many farm
workers. Up to a weight of 1.5 on income going to
the poor, Farm A has a higher rate of return.
However, if a weight greater than 1.5 is given, Farm
B will have a higher rate of return. The switching
value, therefore, is 1.5.
转换值[敏感性分析]
指能逆转两个可以相互替代的项目的排列次序
的值。例如，A农场用高技术设备和少数农业工
人生产牛肉，而B农场用较低的操作技术并雇用
许多农业工人。对分配给穷人的收入用一个低于
1.5的值进行加权，A农场将有较高的收益率。但
是如果用一个大于1.5的数值进行加权，B农场将
有较高的收益率。因此，1.5为这种情况下的转换
值。
syndicate [banking]
A group of bankers and/or brokers who underwrite
and distribute a new issue of securities or a large
block of an outstanding issue. By extension, can also
refer to a group of banks or securities firms who are
involved in a Eurocredit or Eurobond issue.
辛迪加，银团，财团[银行业务]
即一批银行和（或）证券经纪人，他们对一种新
发行的证券或一批已发行的证券进行包销和分
配。也可延伸为从事某项欧洲信贷或欧洲债券发
行的银团或证券商集团。
sydication*
辛迪加组织，组成银团
syndicate a loan, to
To arrange for a loan using a syndicate.
联合发放贷款
使用辛迪加进行一笔贷款安排。
syndicated loan
Loan made by a syndicate.
联合贷款，辛迪加贷款，银团贷款
由一个辛迪加发放的贷款。
synfuel; synthetic fuel
合成燃料
Sysmin (= Special financing facility for ACP and
OCT mining products) [European Communities]
对非洲、加勒比海和太平洋与协作的海外国家和
地区矿产品的特别融资安排（贷款）[欧共体]
system load factor [electricity]
系统负荷系数[电力]
Systemic Transformation Facility （STF）[IMF]
Temporary facility to help member countries facing
balance of payment difficulties.
体制转型贷款（简写为STF）[国际货币基金组织]
对面临国际收支困难的会员国提供帮助的临时
性贷款。