- P -
Pacific Rim countries
环太平洋国家，太平洋周边国家
package
一揽子，一整套
亦见bid package; financial package; minimum
package project; new money packages; policy
package; rescue package; slice and package
package coverage [MIGA]
Coverage of a combination of types of risk.
一揽子担保[多边投资担保机构]
指对多种类型风险的担保。
package deal contract
A variant of the turnkey contract.
一揽子交易合同
系交钥匙合同的另一种说法。
package loan [IFC] *
一揽子贷款，组合贷款[国际金融公司]
paid-in (share) capital; called up (share) capital
The total amount of cash, property and services
contributed to a corporation by its stockholders and
constituting a major balance-sheet item.
已缴（股份）资本；已催交（股份）资本
公司股东已缴入的现金、财产和劳务的总额。它
构成该公司资产负债表的一个主要科目。
paid-in capital subscriptions [IBRD]
已缴（实缴）认购股本[国际复兴开发银行]
paid-up capital
That part of the issued capital of a company which
the subscribers have been required to pay.
已交资本，实缴资本
一个公司要求其认购股东缴付的那部分已认购
资本。
paid-up stock; fully paid stock
Stock fully paid for (i.e. upon which no further
subscription installments are due)
已缴股份；全部缴清的股份
指股款已全部缴清的股份，即没有分期缴付而尚
未缴清的股款。
panel data set
Set of survey respondent data, obtained from the
same group of respondents over a period of time.
定点调查数据组
在一段时期内从同一被调查组获得的一套调查
结果数据。
Panel member [ICSID]
(调解或仲裁)小组成员[解决投资争端国际中心]
Panel of Conciliators, Arbitrators [ICSID]
调解/仲裁员小组[解决投资争端国际中心]
panel of experts
专家小组
paper [financial]
证据、票据、纸币[筹资]
paper profit
帐面利润，预期利润
parallel economy; black economy; underground
economy; submerged economy
Transactions for goods and services not declared to
the tax authorities and not appearing in the gross
national product.
平行经济；黑市经济；地下经济；隐蔽经济
指没有向税务当局申报和没有体现在国民生产
总值上的货物和劳务的交易。
parallel financing
Cofinancing, but with the partners financing different
parts of the project.
平行融资，平行筹措资金
联合融资的一种类型，参加融资的伙伴各自对项
目的不同部分进行融资。
parastatal [noun]
半官方机构，半国营机构[名称]
parchment coffee
Coffee which is dried but unhulled.
干咖啡
干燥但未去壳的咖啡。
parent body
上级机构，母机构
parent company
母公司
Pareto optimum
A state of the economy in which all economic
resources are allocated and used efficiently, such
that it is impossible to make anyone economically
better off without making someone else
economically worse off.
帕累托最佳状况
指一种经济状况，其中所有的经济资源都得到有
效的配置和利用，其结果是，除非使一个人的经
济状况恶化，否则另一人的经济状况不可能改
善。
pari passu clause
Clause in loan agreement precluding subordination
of the loan to other debt. In the issue of new shares,
it states that the new shares will rank equally for
dividend with an existing similar issue.
同等优先清偿权
贷款协议中的一项条款，排除本贷款对其它债务
的从属性。在发行新股时，说明新股在股利分配
上与现存同类股份享有同等权利。
parity price
A price which is sought or maintained. For an
agricultural product, quantity of the goods and
services which could have been purchased with the
proceeds of a given amount of the product in a
reference period is determined. Parity exists today if
the proceeds from the same amount of that product
can purchase the same goods and services.
平价
一种希望得到或维持的价格。在某一对照期内，
购买一定数量的农产品和劳务所需的一定的产
品收入额是确定的。如果同一数量产品的收入额
今天仍然可以购买同样的货物和劳务，即表明平
价的存在。
Part I countries [IBRD]
In the World Bank, those member countries who are
considered as developed countries and no longer
entitled to Bank lending.
第一类国家[国际复兴开发银行]
在世界银行，指那些被认为是发达的已不再有资
格向世界银行借款的会员国。
Part I countries [IDA] *
第一类国家[国际开发协会]
Part II countries [IBRD]
In the World Bank, those member countries that are
considered as developing and therefore entitled to
borrow from the Bank.
第二类国家[国际复兴开发银行]
在世界银行，指那些被认为是处于发展中阶段、
因而有资格从世界银行借款的国家。
Part II countries [IBRD]*
第二类国家[国际开发协会]
partial budget
A budget that addresses itself to only part of an
enterprise.
局部预算
只包括企业部分活动的预算。
participation certificate; pass-through certificate
Certificate representing an interest in a pool of funds
or in other instruments.
参与证书
一种表明在某一资金总库或其他金融工具中享
有利益的证书。
participation rate; labor force penetration
The extent to which those of working age are
actually working.
参与率；劳动力参与率
指劳动适龄人口中实际参加劳动的人口。
participative management
职工参与管理
participatory development
Development where people influence development
decisions that affect them.
参与性发展
指群众对与他们有关的发展决策施加影响。
participatory poverty assessment - PPA
参与性贫困评价（简写为PPA）
participatory rural appraisal, analysis - PRA
参与性农村评估，分析（简写为PRA）
particulate matter - PM
In water, solid matter, in either solid or dissolved
states. In air pollution, solid particles or drops of
liquid carried by air or other gases.
微粒物质（简写为PM）
在水中指固体物质，无论其是固体或是处于溶解
状态。在空气污染中，指固体微粒或由空气或其
他气体乘载的液体点滴。
partly knocked down - PKD
Components of a piece of machinery that have only
been partially assembled.
部分组装完毕（简写为PKD）
仅部分组装完毕的机器部件。
partner countries
合伙国家，伙伴国家
partnership
伙伴关系，合作关系
party (to proceeding or to the dispute) [ICSID]
(诉讼或争端的)当事人[解决投资争端国际中心]
par value
When applied to capital stock, a stated amount of
money by which the stock is known for accounting
and tax purposes. The market value of the stock
seldom bears any relationship to its par value. When
applied to bonds sometimes used interchangeably
with maturity value.
票面价值
用于股票时，表示该股票作为会计和计税而使用
的货币金额。股票的市场价值很少与其面值有任
何关系。用于债券时，有时可与该债券的到期价
值交替使用。
pass rate; promotion rate [education]
升级率，[教育]
pass-through audit [IBRD]
简化程序的项目审计[国际复兴开发银行]
pass-through certificate
参与证
见participation certificate
pass-through effect
转手效应，转嫁效应
pastoral association - PA
A legally recognized, voluntary association of
pastoral livestock owners who use a common area
for grazing and frequent the same water points for
the purpose of managing natural resources (water,
graze and other vegetation), for the procurement of
inputs and services and the selling of products.
畜牧协会（简写为PA）
由使用同一牧场和同一水源的畜牧业主为了管
理好自然资源（水、牧草和其他植被），采购投
入物和劳务以及销售产品而自愿组成的、法律承
认的组织。
pastoralist
畜牧者，放牧人
patching; spot improvement, patching; road, surface
patching [highways]
修补，零补，路面修补[公路]
pattern farm plan
模式农场计划
payable on demand
索还时立即付款
pay-as-you-earn - PAYE; pay-as-you-go [taxation]
预扣所得税（简写为PSYE）；现收现付[税收]
pay-as-you-go system [social security]
A method of accounting for an unfunded pension
plan in which payments to the pension plan
beneficiaries are made from current receipts and not
from previous contributions.
现收现付制[社会保障]
指一种无基金积累的养老金计划的会计方法。在
这种制度下，对养老金计划受益人的支付来自于
当前的收入，而不是以前的缴费。
payback period
回收期
paying agency fee
Fee paid by borrower in the financial markets,
representing costs incurred in having the borrowing
serviced by an agent.
付款代理费
金融市场上借款人因使用借款服务而支付给代
理人的费用。
payline
The line connecting the midpoints of a given salary
structure. Also used for the line connecting market
pay data for several grades, at a given level.
工资曲线
指连结给定的工资结构中的若干中点的曲线。亦
用于在一给定水平上连结若干级别市场工资支
付数据的曲线。
payload
工资负担，净载重量
payment arrears
拖欠付款，到期未偿款项
payment basis, on a
有偿的，现款交易
payment bond [US]
A bond executed in connection with a contract to
assure payment as required by law of all persons
supplying labor and material under the contract.
付款债券[美国]
一种与某一合同相连带执行的债券，它保证对合
同项下所有提供劳力和材料的人按法律要求付
款。
payment-in-kind - PIK
实物支付（简写为PIK）
payment guarantee
A guarantee executed in connection with a contract
to assure payment as required by law of all persons
supplying labor and material under the contract.
付款保证
一种与某一合同相连带执行的保证。它保证对合
同项下所有提供劳力和材料的人按法律要求付
款。
payment schedule
Timetable for payment by the purchaser to the
supplier/contractor.
付款安排表
采购者对供应商或承包商付款的时间表。
payments position (of a country)
(一个国家的)国际收支状况
payout date
Date on which a due periodic payment, such as
payment on a bond or a stock dividend, is made.
支付日期
定期进行支付（如支付债券本息或股票分红）的
日期，
payout price
Difference between the face value of a bond and the
net value received by the bondholder, after
deducting commission.
支付价格
债券的面值与债券持有人实际收到（在减除佣金
以后）的净值之间的差额。
payroll
工资单，发放的工资额
payroll contributions
从工资中扣缴
payroll tax
薪税
peak load
高峰负荷，最大负荷
peak (load) shaving [electricity]
峰荷脱落，峰荷分离[电]
peer monitoring
Having neighbors who are in a good position to
monitor the borrower be required to pay a penalty if
the borrower goes bankrupt.
同业监测
指使用地位较好的“邻居”来监视借款人，如借
款人破产，该监视人将被处以罚金。
peg, to (prices, interest rates)
钉住（价格，利率）
peg out, to [surveying]
桩定，定线，定界[测量]
penalty clause
A clause in a legal instrument providing for the
assessment of a penalty under certain stated
conditions.
（违约）惩罚条款
法律文件中的一个条款，为在已经订明的条件下
对一项惩罚的估价进行指导。
pension finance unit*
养老金财务部门
penstock [hydroelectricity]
A closed conduit which supplies water under
pressure to a turbine.
压力管道[水电]
一条封闭的渠道，以压力对涡轮机供水。
pent-up demand
被抑制的需求
P/E ratio; price/earning ratio
价格收益比率
per capita income
人均收入
percentage (fee) contract [consultants]
A contract where the cost of consulting services are
directly related to project construction costs or a
ceiling thereof. A percentage of the approved
construction costs is paid and, once approved, no
matching of inputs to payment is required.
（费用）提成合同[咨询顾问]
一种咨询合同，其咨询服务费直接同项目建设成
本相联系，或按该成本的一个比例设定上限。咨
询费按项目成本的一个百分比计付，一旦批准，
不再要求提供与支付相配套的投入物。
percentage point
百分点
perfect competition; pure competition
完全竞争；纯竞争
perfection (of security)
Registration of a security.
（证券的）完善
指证券的注册。
performance
执行，履行；业绩；工作进度
亦见economic performance; financial performance;
institutional performance; project performance
(audit) report; tax performance ratio
performance audit
业绩审计，履约审计
performance bond
A bond put up by a contractor to protect the
employer from any breach of contract. This practice
is particularly prevalent in the United States, where
performance bonds are provided by insurance
companies. The bond usually gives the guarantor
the option of remedying a specific default by the
contractor, performing the contract in his place or
paying the beneficiary what it costs to have the
contract performed, up to a certain limit of money.
履约保证
由承包商提供的一种保证，以保护业主不受任何
违约行为的损害。这种做法在美国特别盛行，履
约保证由保险公司提供。这种保证通常在承包商
发生某项具体违约时，给予担保人以补救的选择
余地，即或由他代理履行合同，或向受益人支付
一定的金额，使其能够继续履行合同。
performance budget
A budget of outputs, as in a planning, programming,
budgeting system (PPBS) but often without the
accompanying relations to longer range
accomplishments that form an integral part of most
PPBS budgets.
职能预算
一种产出预算，如在计划、规划和预算系统（简
写为PPBS）中，但它常常与大多数PPBS预算中
不可分割的长期任务部分没有相伴随的关系。
performance chart; working table; management
chart
A chart comprising numerical data which indicates
the current performance of an organization or part of
an organization or an individual.
业绩图表；工作进度图表；管理图
一种数据图表，它表示一个组织、或一个组织的
一部分、或某一个人当前的工作进度。
performance contract
履约合同
performance evaluation [personnel]
工作评价，考绩[人事]
performance guarantee [consultants]
A security in the form of a performance bond, bank
guarantee, cashier´s check, certified check or cash at
an amount specified in the bidding documents
required in a contract to protect the owner in case of
breach of contract by the contractor.
履约担保[咨询专家]
指一种保证，其形式为履约保证金、银行担保、
银行本票或现金，其数额按照合同要求在招标文
件中进行规定，目的是在承包商违约的情况下保
护业主的利益。
performance indicators
工作业绩指标
Performance Management Process - PMP
World Bank personnel evaluation system.
考绩管理方法（简写为PMP）
世界银行人事评价制度。
performance monitoring
履约监测，业绩监测
performance period
During a workout program for a country with
protracted arrears, the period prior to clearance of
arrears when the country´s performance, including
compliance with a Bank-approved structural
adjustment program, is monitored by the Bank. This
performance period must be satisfactorily completed
before the country is eligible for regular Bank
lending.
业绩检验期，表现期
指长期拖欠贷款的国家，在“解决方案”实行过
程中清偿完欠款以前的这段时间。在此期间，世
界银行将一直对该国的业绩表现，包括对世界银
行批准的结构调整方案的执行情况进行监视。只
有在表现期圆满结束后，该国才有资格获得世界
银行的正常贷款。
Performance Planning and Review - PPR [IBRD]
System set up by the Bank for evaluating staff
performance. An individual performance plan is set
up every year and reviewed at the end of that year.
Now replaced by the Performance Management
Process (PMP).
工作计划和考核制度（简写为PPR）[国际复兴开
发银行]
世界银行为评价职工的工作成绩而设立的一种
制度。每年对每个人建立一个工作计划，到年底
时加以评审。现在该制度已被“考绩管理办法”
（简写为PMP）所取代。
performance requirements [contracts]
履约要求[合同]
performance security [contracts]
A security in the form of a performance bond or
bank guarantee at an amount specified in the bidding
documents required in a contract to protect the
owner in case of breach of contract by the
contractor.
履约保证金[合同]
指一种保证金，其形式可以是履约保证金或银行
担保，其数额在合同中按招标文件规定的要求订
立，目的是在承包商违约的情况下保护业主的利
益。
performance specifications
对执行工作的具体要求
performance work statement - PWS
Statement defining the contractual performance
required of a vendor providing labor service
requirements such as custodial services,
construction trades, etc.
履约工作说明书（简写为PWS）
这种说明书确定对一个提供劳务的承包人（或卖
主）的合同履行要求，如保管服务、建筑购置等。
performing assets
正在产生效益的资产
periodic health assessment - PHA
定期健康评价（简写为PHA）
(periodic) review clause
A clause in a loan agreement, particularly
policy-based lending, which gives the lender the
right to determine periodically whether the stated
objectives are being met and whether any problems
have been encountered. If problems occur, further
disbursement may be withheld.
（定期）检查条款
贷款协议（特别是在政策性贷款）中的一项条款，
它给予贷款人定期检查的权利，以确定协议中规
定的目标是否达到，以及是否遇到问题。如果发
生了问题，进一步的支付有可能停止。
permanent assets
固定资产
见capital assets
perpetual bond
A bond which pays agreed-upon interest
indefinitely. It has no maturity date.
无期限债券
指一种无限期地按照约定的利息付息的债券。该
债券没有到期日。
personal exemption[ tax] *
个人免税[税收]
personal history [medicine]
病历[医疗]
personal stock
个人股
见registered share, stock
Personnel Manual Statement
人事手册说明
pest and disease control
虫害和疾病控制
phase out, to
逐步结束(停止)
phase out period [IBRD]
Gradual period by which a country is graduated from
the Bank.
逐步结束期[国际复兴开发银行]
指一个会员国从世界银行逐步毕业的时期。
phase out program [IBRD]
Gradual program by which a country is graduated
from the Bank.
逐步结束方案[国际复兴开发银行]
指一个会员国从世界银行逐步毕业的方案。
Philippines formula [MOV]
A formula (named after the first country to use it)
whereby under the maintenance of value system a
country may repurchase the local currency value of
its capital subscription with a currency acceptable to
the Bank.
菲律宾公式[货币保值]
世界银行货币保值制度（名称来自第一个使用这
一手段的国家）。在这一制度下，一个国家可用
一种世界银行能接受的货币重新购回该国认购
项下的本国货币总值。
phosphate rock; rock phosphate
磷酸盐岩
physical contingencies
物质方面不可预见的情况
physical facilities
有形设施，实物设施
physical infrastructure
物质基础设施
physical investmen
物质投资
physical planner
实物计划者
physical planning
实物计划的制定
Physical Quality of Life Index - PQLI
Indexes which attempts to evaluate quality of life by
combining life expectancy at age one, infant
mortality rate and literacy rate, each with equal
weight.
物资生活质量指数（简写为PQLI）
指试图用来评价生活质量的一种指数。该指数把
一岁儿童的预期寿命、婴儿死亡率和识字率相结
合，并给每项以同等权数。
piggyback financing
Financing studies for a future project as part of a
loan to finance another project usually in the same
sector.
附带贷款
作为一项贷款的一部分，为研究一个未来的项目
提供资金。两个项目通常是同一部门内的。
piggyback project
附带项目
pioneer industry
先行产业
pioneering research
开创性研究
piped water
管道水
pipeline loan, credit
备选贷款(信贷)
pipeline of projects; lending pipeline; project
pipeline
Projects which have advanced beyond the stage of
appraisal mission departure, i.e which are expected
to be in the forthcoming year´s lending program.
备选贷款项目
指那些评估团已经离开，可望列入下一年贷款方
案中的项目。
pipeline project
Project in pipeline of projects.
备选项目
一系列备选贷款项目中的一个项目。
pipeline ratio, lending
Projects past appraisal as a percentage of next year´s
lending program.
备选项目比率
已经过评估的项目占来年贷款规划的百分比。
pit latrine
茅厕，蹲坑式厕所
pit privy
室内蹲坑式厕所
pithead power plant
坑口电站
planning
计划
见aggregative planing; blueprint planning;
comprehensive planning; development planning;
family planning; indicative planning figures; land
use planning; mandatory planning; manpower
planning; Performance Planning and Review;
physical planning; planning forecasts
planning forecasts
计划预测
planning, programming , budgeting system - PPBS
A budget, usually for a government agency, in which
the budget items are grouped under various
programs.
计划，规划和预算系统（简写为PPBS）
指一种预算，通常为一个政府机构所采用，其中
各预算科目在不同方案中分组列出。
plant
厂，站
见base load station; biogas plant; boimass (power)
plant; coal fired power station; diesel (fired) power
plant; oil fired power station; pithead power plant;
steam plant; step-down power station; step-up power
station
plant and equipment
厂房与设备
plant breeder
繁殖用植物
见breeder
plant breeding
植物育种
plant cover
作物覆盖物
plant population
作物总数
planting material
种植材料，种植物资
pleadings [ICSID]
辩护书，起诉书[解决投资争端国际中心]
pledge (of shares) [IFC]
(股份)抵押[国际金融公司]
pledging
抵押，抵押品
plot servicing
为建筑工地提供基础设施
plowed-back profits
已用作再投资的利润
plus sum game; positive sum game
正收益策略
point
点，基点
见basis point
point source [environment]
An identifiable and confined source of discharge of
pollutants.
污染源头[环境]
指一个可以认定的、范围明确的污染物排放源
头。
policy-based assistance
政策性援助
policy-based lending; policy loans [IBRD]
Loans made in support of policy and institutional
changes, rather than for specific projects. Normally
given under the structural adjustment and sector
adjustment lending programs.
政策性贷款[国际复兴开发银行]
指用于支持政策和制度改革，而不是支持某一特
定项目的贷款。一般是在结构调整和部门调整贷
款方案项下贷出。
policy framework
政策框架
policy package
一揽子政策
policy instrument*
政策手段
policy-oriented sector lending*
政策性部门贷款
policy paper
政策文件
political entrepreneurship
Having a “political entrepreneur” who motivates
others, engenders trust, and mobilizes tangible
benefits to cooperation in the interest of collective
action. It is a key element in common property
management.
政治型企业家素质
即“政治型企业家”，此人能够调动他人的积极
性，获得信任，并能结合集体行为的利益动员有
形利益。这是共同财产管理的一个关键因素。
poll tax; head tax; capitation tax
人头税
polluter
污染环境者
polluter-pays principle - PPP
Principle whereby a polluter has to pay to clean up
the damage his pollution causes.
污染者偿付原则（简写为PPP）
由污染环境者偿付清理所需的费用，这种环境损
害是由他释放的污染物造成的环境损害。
pollution haven
Country which allows companies to pollute with few
or no restrictions.
污染庇护所
指允许公司释放污染物而没有或极少限制的国
家。
polychlorinated biphenyl - PCB
Aromatic compounds used as insulating and cooling
agents, plasticizers and in paper and ink
manufacture. They are very stable and are found
extensively in the environment.
聚氯联苯，多氯联苯（简写为PCB）
一种芳香属化合物，用作绝缘和冷却剂、增塑剂，
并用于造纸和油墨生产。它们非常稳定，在环境
中广泛存在。
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAH
Aromatic ring compounds found in coal, tar and
petroleum. They are emitted by combustion-related
activities, including cigarette smoking.
多环的芳香属烃（简写为PAH）
存在于煤炭、焦油和石油中的芳香属环状化合
物。它们是在燃烧过程中（包括抽烟）释放到大
气中的。
polycyclic management
Forest management system which is designed to
limit the damage to advanced regeneration of
commercial species that will become the final timber
crop after 20-30 years. It relies on efficient
monitoring of stand development, with thinning
where necessary to favor the growth of promising
individual timber trees.
多轮管理
一种森林管理制度，旨在限制对商业树种前期再
生的损害，使它们能在20到30年后成材。它有赖
于对林木发展有效的监测，在需要时进行间伐，
以利于有望成材的树木的生长。
pool
总库，统筹
亦见borrowing pool; currency pool
Pool-Based Lending Rate System [IBRD]
Lending rate system using the pool-based variable
lending rate.
总库贷款利率制[国际复兴开发银行]
使用总库可变贷款利率的一种贷款利率制。
pool-based variable lending rate [IBRD]
IBRD lending rate where the lending rate on all
outstanding balances is adjusted every six months to
achieve a given spread above the average cost of
outstanding borrowings.
总库可变贷款利率[国际复兴开发银行]
国际复兴开发银行贷款利率，该利率每6个月对
所有未偿还贷款的利率作一次调整，以求实现一
个高于未偿还借款平均成本的利差。
pooled loan
A loan included in the currency pooling system.
总库制贷款
指参加货币总库制的贷款。
pooling
联营，集资经营，统筹，(资金)汇集，汇入总库
pool unit
A synthetic currency unit used as the numeraire for
the currency pool. In practice, it is the constant 1980
dollar.
货币总库的记帐单位
作为货款总库记帐单位的一个假定的复合货币
单位。在实践中，使用1980年不变美元。
"poor man" crop*
“穷人”作物
port authority
港务局
port charges, tariffs
港口费
port dues; harbor dues, fees
Charges for the use of the port by the ship and its
cargo.
港口费
为船及其货物使用港口所收取的费用。
port of entry price
到港价，到岸价
见cost, insurance and freight port of entry/border
point price
port of shipment price
起运口岸船上交货价
见free on board port of shipment price
port tariffs, charges
Specific charges for port services such as berth
occupancy, aids to navigation, pilotage, towage,
cargo handling, power and water supply, etc.
港口税
各种港口服务（如泊位占用、导航服务、引水、
牵引、货物装卸、水电供应等）所收取的费用。
portfolio cleanup
证券投资组合清理
portfolio equity
证券组合投资
portfolio equity investments
Investment in money market funds, depository
receipts, and direct purchases of shares by foreign
investors.
证券组合投资
指在货币市场基金、存单的投资以及外国投资者
直接购买股份。
portfolio income
证券投资收入
portfolio sale
证券出售
portfolio securities
有价证券，投资证券
positive list
List of imports defined as critical to a specific
program.
正单，准许进口的货物清单
对某一特定规划至关紧要的进口货物清单。
positive sum game; plus sum game
正收益策略
post appraisal mission
后评估团
posted price [oil]
A written statement of crude petroleum prices
circulated publicly among sellers and buyers of
crude petroleum in a particular field in accordance
with historic practices and generally known by
sellers and buyers within the field.
牌价，标价[石油]
一个油田内，在原油销售商和收购商之间公开发
放的原油价格书面通知。这是油田内的销售商和
收购商普遍知晓的一种传统做法。
posted values
标值
postgraduate studies
研究生学业
postqualification of bidders
Determination of capability and financial resources
of a successful bidder who has not been prequalified.
投标者资格后审
对一个没有参加资格预审的成功的投标商的能
力和财务资源进行认定。
pour flush latrine
冲水厕所
poverty gap
It measures the transfer that would bring the income
of every poor person exactly up to the poverty line,
thereby eliminating poverty.
贫困差距
用以衡量为消除贫困而把每一个穷人恰好提高
到贫困线以上所需要的资金转移。
poverty income threshold; poverty line
The minimum acceptable level of standard of living
in a given country or region.
贫困线
某一国家或地区的最低的可以接受的生活标准
水平。
power plant, station
电站
见base load station; biogas plant; biomass (power)
plant; coal fired power station; diesel (fired) power
plant; oil fired power station; pithead power plant;
steam plant; step-down power station; step-up power
station
power system
电力系统
power takeoff - PTO
An attachment, usually consisting of a shaft and two
or more universal joints, which is used to transmit
power from a tractor to an attached unit such as a
combine or hay baler.
动力输出装置（简写为PTO）
一个动力的附属装置，通常包括一个排档和两个
或以上的万相节，用来从一个拖拉机输送动力至
一个附属部件，如联合收割机或干草压捆机。
practical nurse
有实际工作经验但没有经过正规训练的护士
practice school
实验学校，示范学校
见demonstration school
preamble to an agreement; recital of an agreement
协议(协定)的序言；协议中陈述事实的部分
preappraisal
预评估
preappraisal mission
预评估团
prearranged sale of participations [IFC]*
根据事先安排出售所参加的投资（或贷款）[国
际金融公司]
precedent conditions [legal]
Conditions which must occur for a subsequent event
to take place. Frequently found in international
contracts.
先行条件[法律]
某一后续事件发生的必要条件。常常在国际合同
中出现。
precipitator; dust collector; dust separator
An air pollution control device usually using
mechanical/electrical means to collect particulates
from an emission.
静电滤尘器；尘埃收集器；尘埃分离器
一种空气污染控制装置，一般使用机械或电力方
法从排放物中收集微粒。
predatory price
掠夺性价格
predevelopment work [oil]
开发前工作[石油]
predicated variable; predictor
预计变量；预计因素
predictor; predicated, independent, explanatory
variable; fixed variate; regressor [statistics]
If a relationship between two variables x and y is
interpreted in a causal way such that changes in y are
said to be caused or explained by changes in x, then
x is the predictor.
预计因素；预计变量，自变量，说明变量；固定
变量；回归数[统计]
假如两个变量X和Y之间的关系可以解释为因果
关系，就是说Y的变化是由于（或可以解释为）
X的变化引起，则X当是预计因素。
preemptive rights
优先购买权
见first refusal rights
preference, preferential margin; margin of
preference
Preference given to certain goods and services of
local origin in a contract.
优惠；优惠幅度
指在合同中对来源于国内的某些货物和劳务给
予的优惠。
preferred provider organization (PPO) system
Health care system where care is provided by
allowing participants to choose among participating
professional, who are paid on either a fee for service
or capitation (fixed amount per participant per year)
basis.
自选医生医疗组织（简写为PPO）制
一种医疗卫生制度，该制度允许参加者自行选择
参加该制度的专业医生，按次或按人收费（每一
参加者每年按固定金额缴费）。
preferred stock
Stock which has a claim upon the earnings (and
sometimes upon the assets and control) of a corporation
prior to the common or other class stock.
优先股
优先股对公司收益（有时还在资产和控制方面）
的要求权先于普通股或其他种类的股份。
prefinancing
预先提供(融通)资金
preinvestment study, survey
投资前研究(调查)
preliminary application for guarantee [MIGA]
An initial application for a MIGA guarantee, to be
made before the investment is made or irrevocably
committed. It sets forth the information MIGA
needs to make a provisional determination that the
investor and the investment appear eligible for
MIGA guarantees. 初步担保申请[多边投资担保
机构]
在进行投资或不可撤回的投资承诺以前，向多边
投资担保机构提出的初步担保申请。其中提供多
边投资担保机构所需要的信息，以便使其据此作
出临时性的决定，认定该项投资商和投资有资格
取得多边投资担保机构的担保。
亦见notice of registration, definitive application for
guarantee
preliminary design, engineering
初步设计
preliminary estimates of quantities
对数量的初步估计
preliminary question [ICSID]
先决问题[解决投资争端国际中心]
prematured loan
Loan that matures before time initially specified.
提前到期贷款
在原先确定的时限以前到期的贷款。
prematuring
提前到期
premier borrower
主要客户
见prime borrower
premium
升水，加价，溢价
亦见inflation premium; price premium; quality
premium; standby premium
premium
保险费，奖金，酬劳金，佣金
premium, at a
按保险费标准，按溢价
premium [MIGA]
Sum charged by MIGA for each guarantee,
calculated on an annual basis as a percentage of the
amount of guarantee.
保险费[多边投资担保机构]
多边投资担保机构对每一笔担保收取的费用，它
是以年为基础，按担保额的一定百分比计收的。
premium [securities]
The difference between the par value and the higher
market value of a security expressed as a percentage
of the par value.
溢价，升水[证券]
指某一证券的较高的市场价值同面值之间的差
额，以面值的百分比表示。
premium [stocks]
Difference between the face value and the selling
price of the share when the selling price is higher.
溢价，升水[股票]
指股票的卖价高于面值时的差额。
premium on prepayment [IBRD]
提前还款溢价[国际复兴开发银行]
premium sale
增价出售
preparatory school; feeder school; contributory
school
预科，补习学校
prepayment [IBRD]
预付[国际复兴开发银行]
prepool loan
Loan made before the introduction of the currency
pool (prior to 1980).
实施货币总库制以前的贷款
指在实施货币总库制（1980年）以前世界银行所
作的贷款。
prequalification documents
资格预审文件
prequalification of bidders
In procurement, determination of the technical and
financial capacity of potential bidders to perform the
contract.
对投标人的资格预审
在采购业务中，对潜在的投标者的技术和财务能
力加以审查，以确定其是否有能力履行合同。
pre-reading
Learning about the nature and function of print,
reading commons signs and labels, learning letters
and some sounds and writing one´s name.
读前教育
这种教育包括掌握印刷材料的性质和功能，认识
普通的记号和标志，学习字母和一些发音，以及
书写自己的名字。
present value, worth
An amount which, taking into account the earning
power of capital over time and the difference in time
between the present and some future date, would be
equivalent today to an expenditure or receipt at such
a future date; the result of discounting a future value
to the present by the appropriate discount rate.
现值
现值是在考虑到资本随时间的增长而产生的获
利能力以及在现在和将来不同时日之间的差别
等因素的情况下，使将来某一时日的一笔费用支
出或收入等于现时的一笔数额。现值的求得是用
适当的贴现率把一个将来的价值贴现成现在的
价值。
present worth of an annuity factor
How much 1 received or paid annually is worth
today.
一个年金系数的现值
指每年支出或收入为“1”的现值是多少。
preservation forest
Forest designated for total protection of
representative forest ecosystems in which all forms
of extraction are prohibited.
保护林，保留林
为全面保护有代表性的森林生态系统而特定的
森林，该处禁止任何形式的采伐。
pre-shipment inspection
Inspection of procured goods before they are
shipped.
运前检查
对所采购的货物在运输以前进行的检查。
pre-shipment price inspection
A new Bank requirement in international
competitive bidding, whereby prices are checked,
prior to shipping, by a third party inspection
company, to ensure that they are accurate and
competitive.
运前价格检查
这是世界银行对国际竞争性招标提出的一个新
的要求，即在货物运输前要由一个第三方检查公
司对价格进行检查，以确保它们是准确并有竞争
力的。
President´s Contingency
A fund, usually one percent of the Budget, used to
meet resource demands during the budget year that
were not and could not have been fully anticipated at
the time of budget preparation.
行长应急准备金
一笔基金（一般是预算的百分之一），用来解决
在作预算时没有或不可能完全预料到的预算年
度内的资金需求。
presumptive taxation
Lump sum taxation paid in advance.
推定税制
提前一次性总数缴纳的税款
prevailing market rate
现行市场利率
prevalence [disease]
流行[病]
price adjustment clause; price escalation clause;
escalation clause
Clause in a contract that states that price adjustments
will be made in the event changes occur in major
cost components of the contract such as fuel, labor,
equipment and materials.
价格调整条款；调整条款
合同中的一项条款，它规定在合同的主要成本组
成部分（如燃料、劳力、设备和材料）发生变化
时，价格将作调整。
price contingencies
价格方面不可预见的情况
price differential, spread
价差，价格级差
price-earning ratio; P/E ratio - PER
Market price per ordinary share divided by earnings
per ordinary share after tax. It expresses the market
value placed on the expectation of future earnings.
价格-收益比率（简写为PER）
即每一普通股的市价除以每一普通股的税后收
益。它是根据将来预期收益来表示的市场价格。
price effect
价格效应
price elasticity; own price elasticity
The change in quantity (demanded or supplied)
which results from a given change in price.
价格弹性
由一定的价格变动所带来的数量（需求或供给）
的变动。
price escalation clause
价格调整条款
见price adjustment clause
price ex factory
卖方工厂交货价格，出厂价格
见factory price
price fixing
定价，限定价格；操纵价格
price freeze
价格冻结
price incentives
价格激励
price inelasticity
When there is no change in quantity (demanded or
supplied) as a result of a change in price.
价格无弹性
指在价格变动时，货物的数量（需求或供应）不
起变化。
price leader, setter, maker
领头定价者，市场操纵者
price level accounting; general price level
accounting
价格水平会计
price maintenance
维持价格
见resale price maintenance
price maker, setter, leader
A seller who dominates to the extent that when it
changes prices, its competitors make similar
changes.
领头定价者，市场操纵者
指在市场上居支配地位的卖主，每当该卖主变动
价格时，其他竞争者也相应变动价格。
price premium
价格附加，增价
price quotations [contracts]
报价[合同]
price range
价格幅度
price schedule [procurement]
A document containing an itemized breakdown of
the goods or services to be provided with a statement
of the unit prices applicable.
价目表[采购]
一种货物或劳务供应的细目表，其中表明每一单
位货物或劳务所适用的价格。
price setter, maker, leader
价格领头人，市场操纵者
price spread, differential
差价
price support
价格支持
price swing
物价波动
price taker
A party to a transaction in which the price was
determined by natural forces of competition. The
seller wanted a higher price, while the buyer wanted
a lower price; neither could influence the price
because it was determined by the market.
随行就市商人
在价格由自然竞争力量决定的交易中的一方。卖
方希望高价，买方希望低价，但各方都无法影响
市场价格，因为价格是由市场决定的。
price to factory
到厂价
priced bill of quantities
Detailed list of the work to be done, as priced by the
contractor, based on quantities estimated by
employer and engineer.
报价的数量清单
以业主或工程师估计的数量为基础，由承包商报
价并详细列举各种需做工作（工程）的清单。
pricing policy
定价政策
pricing system [financial markets]
定价制度(金融市场)
priced offer
报价发盘
primal city
主要城市
primary commodity, product
A commodity which has not yet undergone any
significant degree of processing, e.g. natural rubber,
raw wool, etc.
初级商品，初级产品
指没有经过任何程度加工的商品，例如天然橡
胶、生羊毛等。
primary deficit; noninterest deficit
Deficit which excludes all interest payments and
which therefore only measures current deficit rather
than current and past deficits.
基本赤字；非利息赤字
不包括任何利息支付的赤字，因此它只能用于衡
量目前的赤字，而不是现在和过去所有的赤字。
primary exporting country
初级产品出口国
primary equity*
主要产权
primary health care
Health care based on practical, scientifically sound
and socially acceptable methods and technology,
made universally accessible to individuals and
families in the community through their full
participation and at a cost that the community and
the country can afford to maintain.
基本保健，初级保健
一种建立在实际的、科学的、健全的和社会可接
受的方法和技术上的保健制度，社区中个人和家
庭通过他们的充分参与能普遍享受，而其成本是
社区和国家能够承受得起的。
primary lender*
首要贷款人，原始贷款人
primary producing country
初级产品生产国
primary product, commodity
初级产品，初级商品
primary reserves
Funds which a bank keeps for immediate use as
opposed to secondary reserves which are not for
immediate use but can be quickly converted to
money.
第一准备金，原始准备金
银行储备的可以立即使用的资金。它是相对于第
二准备金而言的，后者不是为立即使用准备的，
但可以很快变现成现金。
prime bill
A bill of exchange in which the parties have high
credit ratings.
上等汇票，优等汇票
指有关各方都享有很高的信用级别的汇票。
prime borrower; premier borrower
The most creditworthy type of borrower.
基本客户，主要客户
信誉最好的借款人。
prime contractor; principal, main contractor
主要承包商
prime rate
优惠利率
principal
资本，本金
principal contractor; prime, main contractor
主要承包商。
principal (income) earner
主要经济收入者，养家活口的人
principal economist
首席经济学家
principal exchange rate linked securities notes
同主要汇率挂勾的证券票据
Principles of Staff Employment [World Bank]
职员聘用原则[世界银行]
printout
印刷品
prisoner´s dilemma [economics]
Theory which compares naked self-interest with
cooperation.
囚犯的困境[经济学]
一种在赤裸裸的私利与合作之间进行比较的理
论。
private benefit-cost ratio - PBC
私人效益成本比率（简写为PBC）
private final consumption expenditure - PFCE
Discretionary expenditure by individuals.
私人最终消费支出（简写为PFCE）
指个人可自由支配的支出。
private sector assessment - PSA
Assessment carried out by the Bank to identify
opportunities and obstacles facing private sector
development.
私人部门评估（简写为PSA）
世界银行对私人部门进行的评估，以确定私人部
门发展的机会和障碍。
private voluntary organization - PVO
私人自愿组织（简写为PVO）
privatization vouchers
Vouchers used in the voucher privatization system.
私有化凭单
指“凭单私有化”制度中使用的单具。
privy
厕所
见aqua privy; pit privy
privity [legal]
The principle whereby only the two parties to a
contract have a contractual relationship and no third
party is involved in this relationship.
非当事人利益[法律]
指一项原则：只有合同双方有契约关系，此关系
不涉及第三方。
problem loan [IFC]
问题贷款
problem project*
问题项目
procedural law; adjective law
The bodies of principles and rules of law other than
the substantive law dealing not with the rights and
duties of persons but with the means whereby those
rights and duties may be declared, vindicated or
enforced, or remedies for their infraction ensured.
Includes court procedure, rules relating to the
jurisdiction of different courts, pleading, evidence,
appeal, execution of judgements, legal aid,
conveyancing, costs, etc.
程序法
相对于实体法的一套法律原则和规则条例实体，
它并不规定人的权利和义务，而是使这些权利和
义务得以申明、维护或执行的手段，或是规定违
犯补救手段。它包括法庭程序、各级法庭的管辖
范围的规定、辩护、证据、上诉、判决的执行、
法律援助、产权转让证书、费用等。
procedural orders [ICSID]
程序顺序[解决投资争端国际中心]
proceedings
诉讼，议事项目，会议记录，记录汇编
proceeds
收入，收益
process chart
流程图
见flow chart
process control
流程控制，程序控制
process engineering
加工技术
processed
Refers to a document that has been distributed in an
unpublished form.
已印发（文件）
指已经按非出版形式印发的文件。
processing of a loan
办理一笔贷款
processing
加工，处理，起诉
procurement
采购
见bulk procurement
procurement agent
Firm which specializes in handling international
procurement and acts on behalf of contract awarding
authority in a bid.
采购代理人
专业进行国际采购活动并在招标活动中代理授
标当局的公司。
Procurement Manual Statement - PMS
采购手册说明（简写为PMS）
procurement (procedures)
采购(程序)
producer gas
A low-energy gaseous fuel, generally produced from
coal, whose principal combustible components
(carbon monoxide and hydrogen) are generally
diluted by air.
发生炉煤气
一种低能量的气体燃料，一般从煤中产生，其主
要可燃成份（一氧化碳和氢气）一般由空气稀释。
producer goods
Goods manufactured for use in making other goods
but which do not themselves continue through the
manufacturing stream and are not used directly by
consumers.
生产资料，生产物资
用来制做其他货物的制成品，但其本身不再继续
通过制造流程，不直接供消费者使用。
producer price
The price of a unit of output of some commodity as it
leaves the establishment of the producer. It includes
any indirect tax or subsidy levied on that output
before it leaves the establishment.
生产者价格
指某些商品离开生产企业时的单位价格。它包括
离开企业前对该产品征收的所有间接税或补贴
的价值。
producer price equivalent - PPE
The value of transfers to farmers generated by
agricultural policy. These are paid either by
consumers in the form of market price support or by
taxpayers via direct payments and other support.
Measures the aggregate assistance to producers
before deduction of farm feed adjustment.
生产者价格等值（简写为PPE）
指由农业政策导致的向农民的价值转移。它们或
者由消费者以市场价格补贴形式支付，或由纳税
人以直接和其他形式支付。用以衡量在减除对农
业投入调整以前，对生产者的总的援助。
producers´ values [national accounts]
The value in the market of the gross output on
commodities, industries, etc at the establishment of
the producers; or the sum of the values of direct
inputs, intermediate inputs at purchasers´ values and
indirect taxes less subsidies in respect of the
commodities, industries, etc.
生产者价值[国民帐户]
指商品、产业部门等的总产出的厂家市场价值；
或者是直接投入的总价值、按购买者价值计算的
中间投入和间接税收减去对商品或行业等的补
贴的总和。
product in hand contract
Turnkey contract which determines the
characteristics of the final product to be
manufactured.
成品到手合同
确定将要生产的最终产品各种特征的交钥匙合
同。
production build up
产量增长
production forest
Forest designated for sustainable production of
forest products.
生产林
指定为可持续生产林产品的森林。
production possibility curve; transformation curve
A graphic representation of the various output
combinations of two commodities which can be
produced from a given quantity of resources.
生产可能性曲线，变换曲线
一种表示可用一项既定数量的资源生产的两种
商品的不同产出组合的图表。
production-sharing contract
Contract where the contractor makes contributions
to the investment project and his remuneration
substantially (but not necessarily wholly) depends
on a share of the production of the investment
project, including his right to purchase such share at
a predetermined price or a price to be determined
under an agreed formula. Considered as a type of
nonequity direct investment for the purposes of
MIGA.
产量分成合同
这种合同是指承包商对项目作投资，其报酬主要
（但不一定是全部）根据投资项目产量的份额来
确定，他有权按事先确定或按双方同意的公式确
定的价格购买这种份额。多边投资担保机构认为
是非股本直接投资的一种形式。
productive capacity
生产能力
product mix
产品组合，产品结构
product wage
产品工资
profit and loss account [UK]; income statement [US]
损益帐户[英国]，损益表[美国]，
profit center [accounting]
A responsibility center which accumulates revenues
as well as costs.
利润中心[会计学]
指积累成本和收入的责任中心。
profit making
赢利
profit margin
利润率，利润幅度
profit on sales of investments
投资利润
profit sharing
利润分享，分红
profit-sharing contract [MIGA]
Contract where the contractor makes contributions
to the investment project and his remuneration
substantially depends on the revenues or profits of
the investment project.
利润分享合同[多边投资担保机构]
在这种合同中，立约人对项目进行投资，而其报
酬在很大程度上取决于投资项目的收入或利润。
pro forma invoice*
估价单，形式发票，样本发票
profit squeeze
套取利润，利润缩减
profits tax
利润税
program aid
方案援助
program budget
A PPBS budget which emphasizes long-range
planning and associated accomplishments and
resource requirements.
方案预算
一种“计划、规划和预算系统”（PPBS）预算，
它强调长期性计划，并把任务的完成与所需资源
联系起来。
program contract
A concept developed in France and now used in
Senegal, Cameroon and other former French
colonies. They are performance contracts between
Government and companies generally covering a
period of three years, which set annual targets for the
company (covering physical production, operating
efficiency, billing recovery, employee training, etc.)
and establish reciprocal commitments by the
Government (e.g. agreement on tariff levels,
investment support, increased managerial
autonomy, etc.). They are indicative rather than
legally binding.
规划合同，方案合同
这一观念首先在法国产生，现在已用于塞内加
尔、喀麦隆和其他前法国殖民地。它们是一种在
政府和公司间签订的“履约合同”，一般为期三
年，每年都对公司订有一些目标（包括实物生产、
营运效率、回收帐单、雇员培训等等）；政府也
作出相应的承诺（例如税率水平协议、投资支持、
增加管理自主权等）。这种合同是指导性的，并
不具有法律约束力。
program evaluation and review technique - PERT
A tool of managerial economics used both in
planning a project and in monitoring it. A PERT
chart shows each task to be performed, the time each
will require, the prerequisites and other information.
统筹方法，规划评审法（简写为PERT）
一种管理经济的工具，既用于项目计划，也用于
对它的监测。一项“规划评审法”图表可显示每
一项应完成的任务、完成每项任务需要的时间、
先决条件和其他信息。
program loan, lending
Bank loan given not for a specific project but to help
a country overcome unforeseen temporary
difficulties which would otherwise result in
inappropriate long-term policy adjustments to
correct short-term balance of payments problems.
方案贷款
世界银行的一种贷款，不是贷给某一具体项目，
而是用于帮助一个会员国克服某种未能预见到
的暂时困难。这种困难如不予解决，可导致用不
恰当的长期政策调整来纠正短期的国际收支问
题。
program objective category - POC
The main areas covered by the Bank´s operation
program. Currently they are poverty reduction,
adjustment and debt, human resources development,
private and public sector development, environment
and forestry, financial intermediation, natural
resources, infrastructure and urban development and
economic management.
规划目标种类（简写为POC）
指世界银行业务规划覆盖的主要领域。目前它们
是：减除贫困，调整和债务，人力资源开发，私
人和公共部门发展，环境和森林，金融中介，自
然资源，基础设施和城市发展，以及经济管理。
program of special emphasis - PSE
Program that the Bank is giving special priority to,
covering such areas as debt management, human
resources, women in development, environment,
food security, poverty alleviation and private sector
development.
特别重要的规划
世界银行列为特别优先的规划，它们包括诸如债
务管理、人力资源、妇女在发展中的作用、环境、
食品保障、贫困减除以及私人部门发展等领域。
Program of Targeted Interventions - PTI
目标干予计划（简写为PIT）
progress certificate [IBRD]
进度证明[国际复兴开发银行]
progress chart
进度表
progress payment
Payment made as work progresses under a contract
on the basis of costs incurred, percentage of
completion or a particular stage of completion.
按进度分期付款，进度款
在一项合同项下，按工程（或工作）进度实际发
生费用，或是按整个工程完成的百分比，亦或是
按工程在完成过程中的某特定阶段进行付款。
progress report; status report
进度报告，进程报告
project advance account
项目预付款帐户
project agency
项目代理人
project agreement
项目协定
project aid
项目援助
project appraisal
项目评估
project area
项目地区
project audit, evaluation
项目审计、评价
project brief
In Bank projects, the basic issues-oriented
operational document relating to the early part of the
project cycle. It is short (2-6 pages) and focuses on a
project´s development objectives, policy or other
issues and the preparation work required.
项目简介，项目摘要
就世界银行项目而言，项目简介是一种项目周期
早期阶段的问题分析性业务文件。它写得比较简
短（2－6页），重点介绍项目发展的目的、政策
或其他问题，以及要求做的准备工作。
project completion report - PCR
A report prepared within six months of the
completion of loan/credit disbursements which
highlights strengths and weaknesses of the project
and draws appropriate lessons for the Bank for
future projects.
项目完成报告
项目完成报告在贷款/信贷支付完毕6个月内写
好，着重强调项目的长处和弱点，并为世界银行
未来的项目提供适当的教训。
project cycle
The sequence of analytical phases through which a
project passes.
项目周期
项目所经历的各个连续性的分解阶段。
project design
项目设计
project enterprise [MIGA]
A corporation, association, partnership or any other
entity which holds title to, or the power to dispose of,
the assets contributed to the Investment Project.
项目企业[多边投资担保机构]
指拥有权利或权力来处置投入到投资项目的资
产的公司、联合体、合伙人或其他任何经济实体。
project evaluation, audit
项目评价、审计
project fund agreement
Agreement whereby a lender agrees to lend funds for
a specific project.
项目融资协议
贷款者同意向某一项目进行贷款的协议。
project identification
项目认定
project implementation review - PIR
Semi-annual Bank-wide report on how projects have
been implemented.
项目实施情况检查(简写为PIR )
指每半年世界银行范围内的对项目执行情况的
检查报告。
Project Information Brief - PIB
项目情况简要介绍（简写为PIB）
project life
项目寿命，项目期限
project loan, lending
项目贷款
project management
项目管理
project management unit - PMU [IBRD]
项目管理单位（简写为PMU）[国际复兴开发银
行]
project manager
项目负责人，项目经理[联合国开发计划署译法]
project officer
项目官员
project performance audit memorandum - PPAM
项目实施情况审计备忘录（简写为PPAM）
project performance audit report - PPAR
A report which provides a preliminary review and
evaluation of a project at the end of the execution
phase.
项目实施情况审计报告(简写为PPAR )
在一个项目执行期末，对项目进行初步审查和评
价的报告。
project pipeline; pipeline of projects; lending
pipeline
备选项目
project preparation
项目准备
Project Preparation Facility - PPF*
项目准备贷款基金（简写为PPF）
Project Preparation Facility advance*
项目准备贷款基金预付款
project rent
income derived from a project.
项目收益
从项目中产生的收益。
project supervision
项目监督
project unit
项目单位
promissory note
An unconditional promise in writing made by one
person to another signed by the maker, engaging to
pay, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future
time, a sum of money to or to the order of a specified
person, or to bearer.
本票，期票
指某人向另一人出具并签字的无条件付款的书
面票据，规定立即或在一个固定日期或在一个可
确定的未来日期，向某人或其指定人或持票人支
付一定的金额。
promotion rate; pass rate [education]
Rate at which students pass to the next higher grade.
升级率[教育]
学生升入高一年级的比率。
property income [government]
财产收入[政府]
property income [individuals, corporations]
财产收入[个人的，公司的]
proprietary good, item
专利品
proprietary interest
An ownership interest, as in the interest held by an
equity holder in a company or a patent holder who
licenses use of the patent by others.
业主利益
指一项所有权的利益，如一个股东在公司内持有
的利益，或一个批准别人使用专利的专利持有
者。
proprietary rights
所有权，专利权
proprietary training
Training offered by private, for-profit firms.
私营业主培训
由私营的，以赢利为目的的商号提供的培训。
pro rata commitment authority limitations
按比例承诺的贷款授权限额
pro rata recall
Currency recalls for outstanding loans whereby
major currencies would be recalled in proportion to
the amounts that remain outstanding on each of these
loans (as opposed to the previous system where the
order of the currency recalled was determined by the
Bank). This new system was introduced in January
1990.
按比例回收
在回收未偿还贷款的货币时，主要币种应根据每
笔未偿还贷款余额按比例回收（不同于以前由世
界银行决定货币回收次序的制度）。这项新制度
是在1990年1月开始实行的。
pro rata rules [IDA]
Rules which state that other donors may maintain
proportionality vis-à-vis the US in the amount of
contribution released for commitment.
按比例的规则[国际开发协会]
在已提出的承诺中，说明其他捐赠国可能同美国
保持一定出资比例的规定。
prospectus [financial markets]
A document containing all the pertinent information
about a public offering of securities and about the
borrower. It is made available to the appropriate
legal authorities, stock exchanges, and the
prospective investors by the lead manager.
招股说明书，募股说明书[金融市场]
指一种包括有关公募证券和关于借款人的所有
相关信息的文件。它由牵头经理提供给适当的法
律当局、证券交易所和可能的投资者。
protected forest
受保护的森林
provision [accounting]
备付[会计]
proxy borrowing*
委托借款
provision for losses; reserve for losses; loss
provision
亏损备付（金)
provisional measure [ICSID]
临时措施[解决投资争端国际中心]
proxy
委托，代理人
proxy [IBRD lending rates]
委托利率[国际复兴开发银行贷款利率]
prudential constraints
谨慎限制条例
prudential supervision and regulation
谨慎监管和调控
prudent man rule
In a trust arrangement, one of the frequent
limitations of the trustee´s actions; it states that the
trustee may make investments “only in such
securities as would be acquired by prudent men of
discretion and intelligence in such matters who are
seeking a reasonable income and the preservation of
their capital.”
审慎者通例，谨慎投资通例
指在信托投资安排中，一项通常使用的限制受托
人行为的通例。它表示受托人在进行投资时，
“只应投资于有判断力和精明的审慎者（这种人
寻求合理的收益并保全他们的资本）所选择的证
券和投资方向”。
prudent shopping
精明的询价采购，谨慎选购
public borrowing, offering
公开筹资，公开发售债券或股票
public (capital) expenditure
政府(基建)开支
public corporation
股票上市公司
public debt
政府债券，公共债券
public economics
公共经济学
public enterprise rationalization loan - PERL
World Bank loan to help rationalize the finances of a
public enterprise.
公共企业合理化贷款（简写为PERL）
世界银行帮助某一公共企业财务合理化的贷款。
public enterprise reform loan - PERL
World Bank loan to help reform the finances of a
public enterprise.
公共企业改革贷款（简写为PERL）
指世界银行帮助某一公共企业财务改革的贷款。
public enterprise rehabilitation loan - PERL
World Bank loan to help rehabilitate the finances of
a public enterprise.
公共企业恢复贷款（简写为PERL）
指世界银行帮助某一公共企业财政恢复的贷款。
public offering, borrowing
公开发售债券或股票
public sector borrowing requirement - PSBR
The total excess of expenditure over revenue for all
government entities, which must be financed by new
borrowing net of repayment of previous debts.
公共部门借款要求（简写为PSBR）
所有政府实体的总支出超过总收入的余额，它必
须以新的借款（去除偿还先前债务后的额）来弥
补。
public tender; open tender
公开投标
public utilities
公共事业
public utility corporation
公用事业公司
public works; civil works
市政工程，公共工程
publicly guaranteed debt
政府担保的债务
publicly held government debt
公众持有的政府债务
publicly issued (bonds, etc.)
(债券等的)公开发行
publicly traded company
股票上市公司
pull-down menu
可展开的“菜单”
pull inflation
拉动型通货膨胀
见demand-pull inflation
pump priming policy [economics]
government policy of spending during a recession in
order to put money into the economic stream so that
spending power will continue and economic
expansion will follow.
刺激经济的政策[经济学]
指经济衰退时政府的开支政策，其目的是把钱注
入经济活动中，维持支出能力，以期实现经济扩
张。
pumping station
泵站
见booster pumping station
pupil-teacher ratio - PTR; student-teacher ratio -
STR; teacher-pupil ratio
Total students enrolled in primary and secondary
levels divided by number of teachers in the
corresponding levels.
师生比率（简写为PTR或STR）
在小学和中学注册的学生人数除以这些学校的
教师人数。
purchase fund [sercurities] *
购买基金[证券]
purchasing power parity - PPP
An exchange rate adjustment that changes a
currency´s foreign purchasing power after there has
been a change in that currency´s domestic purchasing
power.
购买力平价（简写为PPP）
一种汇率调整机制，在一种货币的国内购买力发
生变化以后，调整该货币的国外购买力。
purchasers´ values [national accounts]
The cost of goods and services in the market to the
point of delivery to the purchaser. Equals producers´
values plus the trade and transport margins
appropriate to the purchaser in question.
购买者价值[国民帐户]
指运到向购买者交货地点的货物和劳务的市场
成本。等于生产者价值加上适合于该购买者的贸
易和运输差价。
pure competition; perfect competition
完全竞争；彻底的自由竞争
pure IDA countries
只接受国际开发协会（IDA）信贷而不借国际复
兴开发银行贷款的国家
pure stand
A stand of trees in which at least 80 percent of the
trees in the main crown canopy are of a single
species.
单一林
指一片主要树冠至少有80%属于同一品种的林
木。
pure time preference
纯时间选择
见rate of pure time preference
pure variety; true to type variety [agriculture]
A variety that is like the parental type, without
change.
纯种，原始品种[农业]
一种与原系相同、没有变异的品种。
push inflation
推动型通货膨胀
见cost-push inflation
put option
A contract which entitles one party to it, at his
option, to sell a specified amount of securities or
commodities to the other party, at the price fixed in
the contract, during the life of the contract.
出售选择权
一种合同，它赋予合同的一方在合同有效期内，
有按照合同规定的价格出售一定数额的证券或
商品给另一方的选择权。
“put right” guarantee
准确执行（条款、规定等）保证金