- O -
objection to jurisdiction [ICSID]
对裁判权的异议[解决投资争端国际中心]
objective function [economic analysis]
A function relating the objective (the variable to be
optimized) to the choice variable in an optimization
problem.
目标函数[经济分析]
在解决优化问题时，把目标（待优化的变量）与
选择变量相联系的涵数。
object-oriented programming system - OOPS
Type of computer programming where each object
carries out specific tasks and the information passed
between objects is in a standardized way. It is an
extension of structured programming.
目标导向程序编制系统（简写为OOPS）
指一种计算机程序编制系统。在这个系统中，每
一个目标都担负着具体的任务，相互之间通过标
准的方式传递信息。它是结构式编程的延伸。
occasional earnings
非经常收益
ocean freight rate index
An index of trans-oceanic freight rates. For grains,
the Bank uses US/Canada (St. Lawrence) to
Antwerp/Rotterdam/Amsterdam; for sugar
Queensland, Australia to UK or Japan.
海洋货运费指数
一种远洋货运费率指数。对粮食，世界银行使用
美国/加拿大（圣劳伦斯）到安特卫普/鹿特丹/阿
姆斯特丹的费率；对食糖，使用从澳大利亚昆士
兰到英国或日本的费率。
octane booster
Fuel additive used to boost octane level. Lead has
been the main octane booster till recently but now
other, more environmentally friendly substances,
such as ether, are being used.
辛烷助燃剂
指提高辛烷值的燃料添加剂。到目前为止，铅曾
是主要的辛烷助燃剂，但现在正在使用别的环保
型材料，如乙醚。
off - balance - sheet item*
资产负债表外科目
office automation
办公室自动化
office occupancy fee - OOF
The fee paid by IFC to the Bank for occupying the I
Building.
办公室占用费（简写为OOF）
指国际金融公司向世界银行支付的I楼占用费。
official capital
官方（政府）资本
official debt
官方（政府）债务
official development assistance - ODA
官方（政府）开发援助(简写为ODA )
official export credit
官方（政府）出口信贷
official flows [development]
官方（政府）资金流量[开发]
official holdings
官方（政府）股票、财产
officialization (of debt)
Shifting of the composition of debt holdings from
commercial banks to official creditors.
（债务）官方化
指把商业银行的债务构成转移到官方贷款机构。
off-market transaction
场外交易
off-season, out-of-season crop
非时令，不合农时的作物
offset agreements
Countertrade in which a company agrees to buy
products unrelated to its normal business to
complete a sale.
抵偿性购货协定
一种对等贸易，其中一个公司为了完成一笔销售
同意购买与其正常业务无关的产品。
offset borrowings
Borrowings of funds by Bank from institutions
where deposits are held, prior to the maturity of the
deposits.
抵销性借款
指世界银行从有其存款的金融机构在存款到期
以前借入资金。
offshore assembly, processing
Production activity in a developing country
involving assembling materials produced in a
foreign country.
海外组装，海外加工
在一个发展中国家，用某一外国生产的原材料进
行组装的生产活动。
offshore bank
Bank located outside the country in question.
海外银行
位于所涉及到的某国以外的银行。
offshore cost
Assembly costs outside the host country.
海外成本、海外费用
发生在东道国以外的组装成本、费用。
offshore drilling
近海钻井
offshore field
近海油田
offshore market
non-domestic market, e.g. there is a domestic (US)
and offshore market in US dollars.
海外市场
非国内市场。例如美元有一个国内（美国）市场
和一个海外市场。
offshore processing, assembly
Production activity in a developing country
involving assembling materials produced in a
foreign country.
海外加工
在一个发展中国家，用某一外国生产的原材料进
行组装的生产活动。
offtake [livestock]
Livestock which can be taken out of a herd (flock,
etc.) and for marketing.
出栏畜[牲畜]
可以出栏上市的牲畜。
offtake rate [livestock]
The rate at which livestock is withdrawn from a herd
(flock, etc.) for marketing.
出栏率[牲畜]
可以出栏销售的牲畜占牲畜总数的比率。
off-the-shelf
现成的
off-the-shelf goods
Goods that are available ready made, i.e. that do not
have to be custom made.
现成货物
指已经做成待售的货物，即非客户定做的货物。
off-the-shelf purchases
购买现成货物
off-the-shelf price
The price of goods obtained off the shelf.
现成货物价格
现成货物的价格。
off-the-shelf technology
现成技术
oil
油，燃油
见heating oil; heavy oil; heavy fuel oil
oil bill [national]
石油帐单[国家的]
oil fired power station
燃油发电站
oil (drilling) rig, platform
石油钻井机、石油钻井平台
oil sands
油砂
oil shale
油页岩
oil shock
石油危机
oilcake
油渣饼
onchocerciasis; river blindness
河盲症
on-costs [UK]; indirect costs
A cost not attributed to the production of a specified
good or service but to an activity associated with
production generally.
外加成本[英国]；间接成本
不是由于生产某种货物或提供某种服务而产生
的成本，而是和总的生产有关的一项活动的成
本。
on demand guarantee
Guarantee, such as a performance guarantee, where
the bank issuing the guarantee must pay the person
or organization to whom the guarantee is given the
sum guaranteed, on demand, without any reason
being given.
即付保证金
一种凭要求即付的保证金，如履行保证金。发出
这种保证的银行必需凭要求按保证金额悉数支
付被保证人或组织，无需提供任何理由。
one parent family
单亲家庭
one-shot survey
一次性调查
one-stop agency, shop
System whereby several bureaucratic procedures are
combined into one.
一揽子机构，一揽子商店
指把各种繁琐的官僚手续合而为一的制度。
on-farm consumption
农场消费
on-farm developments, improvements
农场发展，农场改进
on-farm research - OFR
农场研究（简写为OFR）
onlend, to
转贷
onlending; onward lending
Equivalent to relending in connection with new
money loans. The funds are recorded as a deposit in
the central bank but the foreign bank and the
contractual borrower (usually the Central Bank)
agree that the loan proceeds will be made available
to a third party within the country of the borrower.
转贷
是与新货币贷款相关的再贷款的同意词。这项资
金作为存款过户到中央银行，但外国银行和合同
借款人（通常为中央银行）同意借款人所在国的
第三方使用贷款资金。
on-costs [UK]; indirect costs*
外加成本[英国]；间接成本
onshore cost; local cost
国内成本
on-the-job training
在职培训
onward lending
转贷
见onlending
open cast, cut, pit, strip mining
露天开采，露天开矿
open economy
An economy which engages in international trade.
开放经济
参与国际贸易的经济体。
open-ended commitment
无限制承诺
open-ended contract; open-end contract
A contract providing an unspecified amount of
goods or services over a period of time, which may
or may not be specified.
不定量合同
一项在一定时间内（可以或不予规定）提供不定
数量的货物或劳务的合同。
open-ended group
不限成员名额的小组(团体)
open-end (investment) fund; unit trust [UK]
An investment company that sells and reclaims its
capital stock continuously, selling it at book value,
adding a sales charge, and redeeming it at a slight
discount or at book value.
开放型(投资) 基金；无定额（投资）资金；单位
信托基金[英国]
一个不断出售和回购其股本的投资公司，出售时
价格为帐面价值加销售费用；回购时价格则带少
量折扣或为帐面价值。
open general licence - OGL
System where, for a previously approved list of
commodities, qualified importers can automatically
obtain licenses and unlimited foreign exchange from
the authorities.
开放型一般许可证
在这种制度下，按照事先批准的商品目录单，合
格的进口商可以自动获得许可证，并从当局无限
制地取得外汇。
open-hearth steelmaking
平炉炼钢
open market
1. The market maintained by government
securities dealers. As regards U.S. Treasury
borrowing operations, the open market is the money
market in the case of short-term obligations or the
capital market in the case of long-term obligations.
2. The general financial market.
开放市场
1、指由政府证券经纪人所维持的市场。就美国
财政部借款业务而言，开放市场是短期债务的货
币市场或长期债务的资本市场。
2、指一般金融市场。
open market operations*
公开市场业务
open pit, open cast, open cut, strip mining
露天开采，露天采矿
open registry flag; flag of convenience
公开注册旗；方便旗
open tender; public tender
公开招标
open unemployment
公开失业
operating account
Revenue and expense account.
营业帐户
收入与支出帐户。
operating budget
A budget covering recurrent revenue and expense.
营业预算
包涵经常性收入和开支的预算。
operating deficit
营业亏损，营业赤字
operating department
A department in an organization which is
responsible for the basic operating functions of the
organization (as opposed to surpport department).
营业部门，业务部门
一个组织中负责基本业务职能的部门。（相对于
辅助部门而言）。
operating expenses, costs
The expense, other than financing, of carrying on the
normal activities of an enterprise.
营业费用，营业成本
企业进行正常活动（除了融资以外）所需的费用。
operating income, profit
营业收入，营业利润
operating lease
A lease where the asset is not wholly amortized
during the obligatory period (if any) of the lease, and
where the lessor does not rely for his profit on the
rentals in the obligatory period. In other words, the
payments received under the lease do not necessarily
cover the purchase price, and the lessor expects to
take the asset back and re-lease it or resell it.
Operating leases are often offered by equipment
manufacturers rather than finance houses.
营业性租赁
一种租赁业务，在这里，租赁期内租赁资产并不
全部摊还，出租者的利润不取决于出租期内的租
金收入。换言之，在出租期内收到的付款，不一
定能弥补（设备）购价，出租人期望在租期满后
收回资产重新出租或重新销售。营业性租赁通常
是由设备制造商而不是由金融商所提供。
operating leasing agreement
Agreement with terms of at least three years where
the lessor leases capital goods to a lessee and where
rental payments are at least in part dependent on the
production, revenues or profits of the investment
project. Considered as a type of non-equity direct
investment for the purposes of MIGA.
营业性租赁协议
协议期限至少三年。出租人把资本货物租赁给承
租人，租金至少部分取决于该投资项目的生产、
收入或利润。多边投资担保机构视其为一种非股
本直接投资。
operating losses
营业损失
operating profit, income
营业利润
operating program [IBRD]
营业方案[国际复兴开发银行]
operating ratio
The operating costs before debt service,
depreciation and other financing charges, divided by
operating revenues.
营业比率
即营业成本（在计入还债、折旧和其他融资费用
之前）除以营业收入。
operating subsidy
业务补贴
operating surplus
业务盈余，营业盈余
Operational Assistance - OPAS [UNDP]
业务援助计划（简写为OPAS）[联合国开发计划
署]
operational cut-off; effective cut-off; operational
threshold
The maximum limit above which a country normally
does not receive IDA financing. In theory, countries
below the formal eligibility threshold can receive
IDA financing but, with the exception of a few small
island economies, do not.
业务界限；有效界限；业务临界
指一个国家一般不再能获得国际开发协会融资
的最高限度。理论上讲，在正式合格限度以下的
国家都可以获得国际开发协会融资，但实际上，
除了少数小岛国以外，并不是这样。
参见formal eligibility threshold
operational department [IBRD]
业务部门[国际复兴开发银行]
Operational Manual Statement - OMS
业务手册条例(简写为OMS )
Operational Monthly Summary*
业务（项目）简况月报
operational, operations research
经营研究，业务研究
operational review
业务评审
operational travel
业务出差
Operations & Maintenance - O & M
营运与维修保养（简写为O&M）
opportunity cost
The value of something forgone. For example, the
direct opportunity cost of a man-day of labor is what
the man would otherwise have produced had he not
been taken away from his usual occupation to be
employed in a project.
机会成本
指放弃的东西的价值。举例来说，一个人/日的劳
动的直接机会成本是：一个人如不是由于受雇于
某一项目而离开他通常从事的工作所能生产的
价值。
亦见social opportunity cost
option bond
选择债券
见multiple currency option bond
option value
The value given to keeping an asset (particularly an
environmental one) for possible future use.
选择价值
为将来可能的用途，而保持一项资产（特别是环
境资产）的价值。
oral procedure [ICSID]
口头程序[解决投资争端国际中心]
oral rehydration therapy - ORT
method of treating victims of acute diarrhoea by
given them, orally, fluids containing oral
rehydration salts which contain special substances to
combat rehydration, such as sodium chloride,
glucose, trisodium citrate or potassium chloride.
(防痢疾患者脱水的)口服补液疗法(简写为ORT )
一种治疗急性腹泻的方法，即通过给病人服用含
有特殊物质（如氯化纳、葡萄糖、柠檬酸三纳或
氯化钾等）的口服补液以防止脱水。
orderly marketing arrangements - OMA
In international trade, a market-sharing pact that
restricts competition and preserves shares in
national markets for local manufacturers who would
otherwise lose out to cheaper or better products from
abroad.
有秩序的销售安排（简写为OMA）
在国际贸易中，一种限止竞争和为本国制造商保
留国内市场份额的市场分享公约，以防他们在来
自国外的价廉物美的商品竞争中失败。
ordinary share
普通股
见common share
organizational fine tuning
机构微调
organizational structure
组织结构
organization expenses; formation expenses
Any cost incurred in establishing a corporation or
other form of organization, such as incorporation,
legal and accounting fees, promotional costs, etc.
These constitute an intangible asset.
组建费用，筹备费用
指在建立一个公司或其他形式的组织时所发生
的一切费用。如注册，法律和会计费，公关费用
等等。这些组成了一项无形资产。
original issue discount (OID) [bond]
Bond with a rate of interest below that demanded by
the market place and sold at a price at a significant
discount to par.
原发行面值折扣（简写为OID）[债券]
一种利率低于市场需求水平的债券，在出售时价
格按面值作相当大的折扣。
original member [MIGA]
Full member, i.e. has signed and ratified the
Convention and paid initial capital subscription
prior to adoption of Resolution No. 12.
创始会员国[多边投资担保机构]
即在多边投资担保机构“12号决议”之前签署和
批准“多边投资担保机构公约”并缴付了初始认
购资本的正式会员国。
origin tax
原产地税
other official flows - OOF
The transfer of resources from donor governments to
developing countries which are not classified as
official development assistance. This concept is
used by the OECD to measure flows from DAC
countries to developing countries and to multilateral
organizations.
其他官方资金流量（简写为OOF）
指不列入官方发展援助类别的捐款国政府向发
展中国家转移的资金。这一概念是经济合作与发
展组织用以衡量从官方发展援助国家流向发展
中国家和多边组织的资金流量的。
outage [electricity]
停电[电力]
outgrower
Smallholder who manages his own crops but is
linked to a nucleus estate in the form of either a
processing plant or a plantation. The central unit
provides technical assistance, inputs and marketing
services and the outgrowers sell their products
through this unit.
外围种植户
这类小种植户经营自己的作物，但与一个中心场
（站）相连，作为其加工厂或种植场。中心单位
为其提供技术援助、投入物和销售服务，而小种
植户通过这个中心出售他们的产品。
outlay account
支出帐户
见income and outlay account
outlier
Datum that is greater than five standard deviations
from the mean.
非正常值
指大于均数5个标差的数。
outlier project
A one-off project.
外部项目
指一个主体之外的项目。
out-migration; rural exodus*
人口外流；农村人口外流
out-of-school education
Education taking place outside of schools, colleges
and universities and aiming to develop knowledge,
skills and attitudes that are not normally given
prominence in formal educational institutions.
校外教育
在校园外进行的，旨在开发知识、提高技术和改
善态度的学院或大学教育。这是正式教育机构一
般不太重视的。
参见monfoimal education
out-of-season crop; off-season crop
不合农时作物
outpatient treatment
门诊治疗
outplacement
（解雇前的）调职;
( 解雇后的)新职介绍
output
产量；产出；产出物
outreach activities
Activities by a central authority (government, World
Bank) to establish contact with and assist people or
small business in provincial areas.
拓展活动
由中央部门（政府、世界银行）组织的一种活动，
旨在与地方上的群众或小工商企业建立联络或
提供援助。
outreach post
Local representative for an outreach program.
拓展职务
从事拓展计划的地方代表。
outreach program
Program by a central authority (central government,
World Bank) to establish contact with and assist
people or small business in rural areas.
拓展计划
由中央部门（政府、世界银行）组织的计划，旨
在与农村地区的群众或小企业建立联系和提供
援助。
outreach worker
Worker engaged in an outreach program.
拓展计划工作人员
从事拓展计划的工作人员。
outright sale
直接销售，无附带条件的销售
outsourcing; sourcing
The process whereby an institution, corporation, etc.
has an entire service carried out by an external
company or purchases its entire needs in a specific
area from an outside company.
外部采购
一个机构、公司等将整项劳务由一个外部公司承
包，或从一家外部公司采购某个特定领域的全部
需求。
outstanding bonds, securities, shares, stock
Capital stock in the hands of the public.
已发行(未偿还) 的债券，已发行(流通中) 的证券、
股票
指在公众手中的证券。
outstanding drawings [IMF]
In the International Monetary Fund, the total amount
of credit outstanding under the different Fund
policies and facilities.
未偿还提款[国际货币基金]
国际货币基金在不同融资政策及办法下发放在
外尚未偿还的信贷总额。
outstanding external debt
未偿还外债，外债余额
outstanding loans
未偿还贷款，贷款余额
outward-looking, outward-oriented country
外向型国家
overaccruals
Recording more money than was actually spent in a
set of accounts, for an item.
超计
记帐时，一个科目的计入额大于实际支出额。
overage loan
A special loan issued to cover excess costs on a
project.
超支贷款
一笔补足某一项目超支费用的特别贷款。
overdesign
超度设计
overdraft facilities
透支手段
overemployment
过度就业
overexpenditures
超支
overexposure
业务量过多，风险过大
overflow basin
Swampy area between river levees and valley sides,
set aside for the diversion of floodwater.
溢洪谷地
指在河堤与溪谷之间留作分洪之用的沼泽地带。
overgeared
超量
overgrazing
过度放牧
overhang
Excess, normally of supply over demand.
过剩额
一般指供应过于需求的余额。
overhaul [equipment]
大修[设备]
overhead capital
间接资本
overhead costs; overheads
An actual cost of doing business that cannot be
associated directly with the production of a certain
product.
间接成本；间接费用
业务经营中的一种实际成本，但不能与某一产品
的生产产生直接联系。
overinvestment
过度投资
overlay [highways]
路面覆盖层[公路]
overnight funds
Short-term funds borrowed to be returned by the
following business day.
隔夜资金，日拆资金
在下一个工作日偿还的短期资金借贷。
overnight maturity
隔夜到期
overseas allowance
海外津贴
overshoot
超限度
overshooting
超限度
overstaffed
人员超编
oversubscription [capital markets]
超额认购[资本市场]
oversupply
供给过多，供应过剩
over-the-counter market; curb market
Market for securities not listed in any of the
exchanges (about 80 percent of total securities in the
U.S.). In the U.S. includes U.S. Government and
agency issues, state and local government bonds,
railroad bonds and shares, many public utility bonds
and shares, and most corporation and bank shares.
场外交易市场
指对没有在任何证券交易所上市的证券（在美国
它们占证券总额的80%）进行交易的市场。在美
国，它们包括美国政府和机构发行的证券，州和
地方政府债券，铁路债券和股票，许多公用事业
债券和股票，以及大部分公司和银行的股票。
over-the-counter securities
场外交易证券
own, to
E.g. the Government must own the program.
认承，视为己有
例如，政府必须认承该计划。
owner (of a project ); implementing agency;client*
（项目）业主，执行部门，项目单位，客户
owners´ equity
股东权益
见stockholders´ equity
ownership (of a corporation)
（股份公司的）所有权
ownership (of programs)
（计划、规划）认承、视为己有
ownership structure (of a company)
（公司的）所有制结构
own price elasticity; price elasticity
The change in quantity (demanded or supplied)
which results from a given change in price.
自身价格弹性，价格弹性
指价格上的一定变动所导致的数量（需求或供
应）变动。
ozone-depleting potential - ODP
A measurement of the potential harm of the ozone
layer of each chlorofluorocarbon, based on the life
span of the CFC and the number of chlorine atoms it
contains.
臭氧消耗潜能（简写为ODP）
衡量每个氟氯烃对臭氧层的潜在损害的一种尺
度，其基础是氟氯烃的生命期和它包含的氯原子
数量。
ozone-depleting substance - ODS
Substance that contributes to destruction of the
ozone layer.
臭氧消耗物质（简写为ODS）
破坏臭氧层的物质。
参见greenhouse gas: ozone depletion
ozone depletion
The destruction of ozone molecules in the ozone
layer by chemical reaction with materials released
from human activities, including chlorofluoro-
carbons and halons.
臭氧消耗
从人类活动中释放出来的物质（包括氟氯烃和卤
代烷哈龙）同臭氧层中的臭氧分子发生化学变
化，导致其破坏。
ozone hole
A large area over Antarctica discovered to have a
seasonal reduction of some 50% in stratospheric
ozone as a result of the release of ozone-depleting
substances. Subsequent discoveries suggest an
ozone hole may be forming in the Northern
Hemisphere.
臭氧洞
由于臭氧消耗物质的释放，南极洲上空大片区域
发现温层臭氧有季节性的减少50%。后来的发现
表明北半球可能在形成一个臭氧洞。
ozone layer
An area of the stratospheric ozone about 12 to 30
miles in altitude where the intensity of short
wavelength ultraviolet light from the sun is high
enough to convert normal oxygen (02) to ozone (03).
臭氧层
指近12到30英里厚的同温层臭氧区域。在那里，
来自太阳的短波长紫外线的强度足以使氧气
（O2）转变成臭氧（O3）。
ozone sink
Atmospheric zone where ozone reacts with nitric
oxide to form nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
臭氧沉井
大气层中的一个区域，在这里臭氧与氧化氮反
应，形成二氧化氮和氧气。