- M -
macro-level accountability
Macroeconomic accountability (including financial
accountability and accountability for overall
economic performance), e.g. congruence between
public policy and actual implementation, the
efficient allocation and use of public resources and
external auditing and follow-up to this auditing.
宏观责任
宏观经济责任（包括财务会计责任和全面经济业
绩责任），如保持公共政策和实际执行的一致性、
公共资源的有效配置和利用、外部审计和这种审
计的后续工作。
macromanagement
宏观管理
main contractor; prime, principal contractor
主要承包商；首位、牵头承包商
mainframe computer
计算机主机
main power grid [electricity]
主电网[电力]
mainstream, to
纳入主流，主流化
maintenance of value - MOV (of IBRD capital)
The provision in the Bank´s Articles of Agreement
requiring members to maintain the value of that
portion of their paid-in capital that is subscribed in
their own currency in terms of the subscription price
(i.e. 100,000 gold dollars).
（国际复兴开发银行股本金）保值规定（简写为
MOV）
国际复兴开发银行《协定》中规定，会员国要根
据认购价格（即10万黄金美元）保持用本国货币
认购的已缴股本的价值。
maintenance of value settlement; settlement of
maintenance of value
保值结算；保值安排
major currency
主要货币
malnourished
营养不良的
malnutrition
营养不良
manageable
可控制的，可对付的
managed costs
Discretionary and direct overhead expenses for
which budget units are responsible.
管理成本
由预算单位负责的可自由支配和直接的间接费
用。
managed economy
受调控的经济，调控经济
management
管理
见asset and liability management; cash
management; collegial management;
comanagement ; corporate management; country
assistance management; demand management;
economic management; IDA management fee;
labor-management relations; liability management;
line management; liquidity management;
participative management; project management;
range management; risk management; supply
management; water management; watershed
management
Management [World Bank]
管理当局，管理部门[世界银行]
management accounting
The design, installation and operation of financial
planning, budgeting and financial accounting
systems with the use of appropriate methods and
techniques to monitor and control all aspects of
financial operations and the coordination of these
systems, methods and techniques with the primary
activities of an entity.
管理会计
指用适当的方法和技术进行财务计划、预算和财
务会计制度的设计、施行和操作，以监测和控制
财务运作的各个方面以及这些制度、方法和技术
与一个实体的主要活动之间的协调。
management audit
A review and appraisal of any or all parts of
management activity.
管理审计
对管理活动的任何一部分或全部进行审查和评
估。
management auditor
管理审计员
management by objectives - MBO
目标管理（简写为MBO）
management chart; performance chart; working
table
管理图表；业绩图表；工作进度表
management company
管理公司
management consultant
管理顾问
management contract
Contract where the contractor assumes
responsibility for the management of the investment
project or a significant part of its operations and
where his remuneration substantially depends on the
production, revenues or profits of the investment
project.
管理合同
承包方承担管理投资项目或该项目中相当大的
一部分运作责任的合同。其报酬主要根据该投资
项目的生产、收入或利润来决定。
management development
管理发展，管理开发
management fee
Fee payable to lead bank for handling bonds.
管理费
应付给牵头银行的债券管理费用。
management game
管理策略
management group; managing group
管理小组
management information system - MIS
System, usually computerized, designed to provide
the management of a particular organization with the
key information needed for decision-making.
管理信息系统（简写为MIS）
为某一组织的管理者提供决策所需的关键信息
的系统，通常是计算机化的系统。
management letter [auditing]
A formal letter from auditors to the management
concerning the accounts. It will discuss any
deficiencies or weaknesses which the entity should
remedy for its own protection.
企业正式公函[审计]
审计员致管理当局关于帐目的正式函件。其中讨
论该客户为保护自己而应该加以补救的缺陷和
弱点。
management participation system; codetermination;
comanagement
System which gives employees the right to be
represented in the decisions of a corporation.
管理参与制度；共同决策；共同管理
这种制度给予雇员派代表参与公司决策的权利。
management succession planning
管理承继计划
managerial accounting
That portion of accounting which attempts to supply
management with quantitative information as a basis
for decisions, as opposed to management accounting
which is accounting designed for or adapted to the
needs of information and control at the various
administrative levels of an organization.
管理决策会计
会计工作的一部分，旨在向管理当局提供定量的
信息，作为其决策的基础。与管理会计相区别，
后者是为一个组织各级管理部门所设计或采用
的会计方法，以满足它们对信息和控制的需要。
managers
经理，主任，负责人
managing group
管理小组
managing unit
管理单位
mandatory planning
指令性计划
man-day
人/日
man-made capital
人造资本
man-made disaster
人为灾难
man-month contract
Contract where payment is based on agreed
time-based rates (usually the man-month rate),
subsistence allowance for staff and reimbursable
items.
人/月合同
根据协议的时间（通常为人/月）、雇员生活津贴
和可偿付的类目确定付费的合同。
manpower development
人力开发
manpower planning
人力规划
manufacturing grade [meat]
可供加工的等级[肉类]
Manufacturing Unit Value Index [World Bank]
Industrial countries´ indices of US dollar unit values
of manufactured exports to developing countries.
There are two indices - the cif index which combines
a 90% weight of FOB export prices with a 10%
weight of transport costs and a FOB index.
制造单位价值指数[世界银行]
指工业国向发展中国家制成品出口的美元单位
价值指数。有两种指数，一种为出口品离岸价格
占90%的权重、运费占10%的权重的到岸价格指
数；另一种为离岸价格指数。
mapping
布局
见school mapping
marginal benefit
边际收益
marginal capacity cost - MCC
Present worth of the least-cost investment stream
divided by present worth of the stream of
incremental output resulting from the investment.
边际生产能力成本（简写为MCC）
最小成本投资流量的现值，除以该投资产生的增
量产出流量的现值。
marginal cost
边际成本
亦见long-run marginal cost
marginal cost pricing
A policy used to minimize selling price or to lower
costs to keep a business operating during a period of
poor sales, by which the firm charges for each unit
sold only the addition to total costs which results
from manufacturing that unit, usually just material
and direct labor.
边际成本定价
一种降低销售价格或降低成本的政策，以求在销
售不良时期维持业务运转。在这种政策下，企业
对每一个销售出去的单位商品，只收取生产该商
品的总成本的附加费用，通常只是原材料和直接
劳动力费用。
marginal disutility
The extra disutility resulting from a small change in
some variable.
边际负效用
指由于某些变量的微小变动而导致的额外负效
用。
marginal effective tax rate - METR
A measurement of the effect of taxes on investors´
rate of return for an incremental addition to their
activities.
边际实际税率（简写为METR）
衡量对投资者活动每一增量的征税对其收益率
影响的尺度。
marginal efficiency of capital
In popular terms, the expected rate of profit. More
rigourously, it is a discount rate at which the
perpetual annual yields of an asset are expressed in
present value terms. The present value is obtained
such that it is equal to the replacement cost of the
asset or its supply price. For example if the supply or
replacement cost of an asset is $ 80 and it yields a
perpetual annuity of $5 then the present value of the
perpetual annuity is equal to $80 if the rate of
discount applied is .0625 or 6.25%. This 6.25% is
the marginal efficiency of capital.
资本的边际效率
一般指预期利润率。严格地说，是指一个以现值
表示的资产的永久年收益所用的贴现率。这里的
现值是按该资产重置成本或供货价格得出的。举
例来说，一项资产的供货或重置成本是80美元，
它产生的永久年收益为5美元，使用0.0625或
6.25%的贴现率可得出永久年金的现值等于80美
元。这个6.25%就是资本的边际效率。
marginal national savings rate
边际国民储蓄率
marginal propensity (to consume, to save, etc.)
An induced increase (in consumption or saving) as a
proportion of the increase in income. If income
increases by $10 and consumption or saving by $5
then the marginal propensity is 0.5.
边际（消费、储蓄等）倾向
指因收入增加而诱发的（消费或储蓄等）增加量
与增加的收入量之比。假如收入增加10美元，消
费或储蓄增加5美元，则边际倾向为0.5。
marginal physical product - MPP
The change in total product that results from
employing one additional unit of a variable resource
together with other fixed resources.
边际实物产品，边际生产实物量（简写为MPP）
从利用一单位额外可变资源加上其他固定资源
中产生的总产品的变化。
marginal reserve requirement
Additional deposits that by law depository
institutions (e.g. banks) must set aside in their vaults
or with the central bank. In the U.S., this applies to
additional reserve requirements on increased
managed liabilities imposed by the Federal Reserve,
in order to curtail the expansion of bank lending.
边际准备金要求
法律规定储蓄机构（如银行）必需在它们的金库
或中央银行贮存的额外的准备金。在美国，为了
控制银行放款的扩张，联邦储备局对新增的经营
性负债要求有额外的准备金。
marginal revenue product - MRP
The change in the firm´s total revenue from selling
the marginal physical product that results from
employing one additional unit of a resource together
with other fixed resources.
边际收益产品（简写为MRP）
由出售边际实物产品引起的厂商总收益的变化。
边际实物产品是利用一单位新增可变资源和其
他固定资源所产生的。
marginal soil(s)
边际土壤（土地）
marginal utility
The utility derived by an individual from his
consumption of an additional unit of a commodity or
service at a given time. It may also be regarded as the
utility of a unit of the commodity or service the
consumption of which an individual may decide to
forego.
边际效用
指消费者在一定时间内消费新增加的一个单位
商品或服务所获得的效用。也可以认为是消费者
可能会决定放弃的消费该单位商品或服务的效
用。
marginal value product
边际价值产品
margin of preference; preference, preferential
margin
优惠幅度
marker crude; benchmark crude [oil]
Saudi Arabian light crude oil (gravity API 34
degrees) employed as the standard on which OPEC
price changes have been based.
基准原油[石油]
指沙特阿拉伯轻原由（美国石油协会比重34度），
是石油输出国组织据以调整价格的标准。
marker price; benchmark price [oil]
The reference price used by OPEC for oil price
changes, based on the price of Saudi Arabian light
crude oil.
基准价格[石油]
石油输出国组织在改变石油价格时所使用的参
考价格，以沙特阿拉伯轻原油价格为基础。
market-clearing prices
A price for an item which attracts just enough buyers
as there are buyers. If prices are lower demand will
be too high; if higher demand will be too low.
最适当价格，清市价格
正好能吸引到不多不少的买主的价格。低于此价
格，需求会太高；高于此价格，需求会过低。
market-clearing quotations
最适当的报价，清市报价
market-clearing returns
最适当的收益，清市收益
market-eligible countries
Countries that have access to financial markets.
有适当市场的国家
在金融市场上有筹款渠道的国家
market-friendly
亲市场的
“market-in-hand” agreement
Turnkey contract requiring contractor to assist in
sales.
“市场在握”合同
要求承包商协助推销产品的交钥匙合同。
market intermediation
Acting on the market (i.e. buying and/or selling of
securities) on behalf of someone else.
市场中介
指代表别人在市场上运作[即买和（或）卖证券]。
market power
市场支配力，市场影响力
market-related lending
Lending at market rate and under market conditions.
根据市场条件放款
在市场条件下按市场利率放款。
参见commercial lending
market timing
Taking advantage of securities of different
maturities.
市场择时
指利用证券的不同到期时间获益。
market value
市场价值
marketable securities
Equity securities or debt securities that are actively
traded or which can be otherwise bought or sold.
可上市场证券
指正在交易中的或者可买进或卖出的股票或债
券。
marketability
适销性，可变现性
marketing
市场营销
marketing arrangement
销售安排
marketing board
销售委员会
mark-up
提高标价，毛利
marshal evidence, to [ICSID]
收集证据[解决投资争端国际中心]
marshalling yard
编组车场
mass media
大众媒介
mass production
大量生产，大规模生产
master plan
总计划，总规划
Master Loan Agreement
Agreement between the Bank and IFC on Bank
lending to IFC. First issued 1971 and periodically
updated as the Bank makes further loans to IFC.
总贷款协议
世界银行同国际金融公司签订的关于世界银行
向国际金融公司贷款的协议。第一次签订于1971
年，以后在作进一步贷款时按期修订。
matched funding [IFC]; matching funds
Funding needed by the IFC to commit a loan. It
must match the loan in terms of amount and
maturity.
对应供资[国际金融公司]；对应资金
国际金融公司在承诺一笔贷款时，需要的一笔资
金。它必须与贷款在数量上和期限上相匹配。
matching contribution
A contribution that is conditional on a similar
amount of funds being contributed by another party.
对应捐赠
一项有条件的捐赠，其条件是另一方也捐赠类似
数量的资金。
matching credit
对应信贷
matching funds
对应资金
见matched funding
matching grant
A grant given when an equal sum is provided by the
recipient or a third party.
对应赠款
一项需受益方或第三者提供等额资金的赠款。
matching payment
对应支出
mathematical expectation [mathematics]
The mean value of single observations drawn from a
finite or infinite universe in repeated samplings.
数学期望值[数学]
即从有限的或无限的范围内反复抽样选出的所
有单个观察值的平均数。
matrix reporting
Staff or offices reporting to more than one agency.
矩阵式汇报，矩阵式负责制度
工作人员或官员向一个以上部门进行汇报（或负
责）的制度。
maturation (of borrowers from IDA to IBRD loans)
（指借款国从获得国际开发协会贷款到获得国
际复兴开发银行贷款的）成熟
mature investments [IFC]
Investments which are just at the beginning of the
stage at which they will start to become profitable.
成熟投资[国际金融公司]
指已到即将开始产生收益的阶段的投资。
mature markets [securities]
成熟市场[证券]
mature project
成熟项目
maturity (of a loan, bond, etc.)
（贷款、债券等的）到期日
maturity mismatch
Having borrowings and loans with different
maturities. This could mean, for example in the case
of the Bank, that borrowings the Bank had made on
the capital market to finance certain loans it had
made were due before it had received the money
from the loans.
到期日搭配不当，到期日错配
借款和贷款的到期日不同。例如，世界银行在资
本市场上借款为其一些贷款进行融资，而借款可
能在世界银行收到贷款的本息偿付前到期。
maturity transformation
Reborrowing, in order to extend the maturity of a
loan.
更换到期日，到期日转换
用再借款的办法使老的贷款展期。
maximum aggregate liability [MIGA]
The maximum liability of MIGA for all claims
arising from coverage for one project enterprise.
最大责任总额[多边投资担保机构]
多边投资担保机构对一个项目企业的全部索赔
的最大担保责任额。
maximum amount of guarantee
The maximum amount of guarantee coverage
provided under all forms of coverage.
最高担保限额
以各种形式提供的担保所承保的最高限额。
maximum likelihood method
An econometric estimation technique which
involves the maximization of the likelihood function
of the sample observations with respect to the values
of the parameters of the equation(s) being estimated.
It chooses those values of the parameters which are
“most likely” to have generated the sample
observations.
最大相似法[计量经济学]
一种计量经济估计技术，包括根据正在估算的等
式的参数值，把样本值的相似函数最大化。它选
择那些“最可能”产生样本观察值的参数值。
maximum sustainable yield - MSY*
最高可持续收益（简写为MSY）
McNamara Fellow
麦克纳马拉学者（麦克纳马拉奖学金获得者）
McNamara Fellowship
麦克纳马拉奖学金
mean annual increment - MAI [forestry]
The total growth of a stand of trees divided by the
total age.
年平均生长量（简写为MAI）[林业]
一片树林的总生长量除以树龄。
means-tested pension plan
家计调查式养老金方案
measured production
The actual production of a farmer as measured, as
opposed to the estimated production.
实测产量
经过实测的农民实际生产量；区别于估计的生产
量。
meat processing
肉类加工
mechanical completion [projects]
The final stage of a project where the actual physical
equipment has been installed.
机械工程完毕[项目]
所有实际物质设备均已安装的项目最后阶段。
medium absorber [oil exporter]
Oil exporting capital surplus country which has only
been able to make some use of oil revenues for
domestic development. Includes Iran, Iraq and
Libya.
中等吸收能力国家[石油出口国]
石油出口资本盈余国家，但只能够利用部分石油
收入作国内发展之用。包括伊朗、伊拉克和利比
亚。
medium staple cotton
Cotton with fibers of 1 to 1 1/8 inches long.
中长纤维棉花
纤维长度为1-1 1/8英寸长的棉花。
membership [IFC]
会员资格[国际金融公司]
membership application
申请会员资格，会员资格申请
membership shares [World Bank]
These were introduced in connection with the 1979
General Capital Increase in order to ensure that the
voting power of small members was not eroded by
the Capital Increase. A special allocation of 250
shares, known as membership shares, was made to
each member in addition to the pro rata allocation.
No payment was required for these shares nor were
they included in the Bank´s lending authority.
会员股[世界银行]
这是在1979年普遍增资时开始实行的，目的是保
证小会员国的投票权不致为普遍增资所消蚀。具
体做法是在按比例分配的认股额之外，特别分配
给每一个会员国250股（即所谓的会员股）。这
部分股份不需付款，也不包括在世界银行作为贷
款授权的基数之内。
membership votes
会员投票权
memo item; memorandum entry, item
An explanatory notation in a book of accounts which
does not change the balance in any account.
备忘项目
在帐簿中的一种解释性注解，它不改变任何帐户
的平衡。
memorandum account
A temporary account used to store accounting data
prior to actual receipt or disbursement of the sums
concerned.
备忘帐户
一种临时的帐户，用于在实际收到或支付有关金
额以前记录会计数据。
memorandum entry, item; memo item
An explanatory notation in a book of accounts which
does not change the balance in any account.
备忘项目
在帐簿中的一种解释性注解，它不改变任何帐户
的平衡。
Memorandum of Administrative Arrangements
[ICSID]
行政调解备忘录[解决投资争端国际中心]
memorandum of law
A legal opinion signed by a legal officer of a
government authorized to give legal opinions on his
Government´s behalf.
法律备忘录[法律]
由政府授权的法律官员签署的法律意见书，代表
政府提出法律意见。
memorandum of understanding
A written document detailing the points upon which
two or more parties agree.
谅解备忘录
一项书面文件，详细记录双方或更多方面达成一
致的要点。
memorial [ICSID]
诉状[解决投资争端国际中心]
menu approach
菜单方式
merchandise balance
商品差额，商品平衡
见trade balance
merchandising
商品学，商品推销
merger
合并，兼并
merit goods
Goods the consumption of which is deemed to be
intrinsically desirable. In the case of such goods it is
argued that consumer sovereignty does not hold and
that if consumers are unwilling to purchase adequate
quantities of such goods they should be compelled
or encouraged to do so. Examples are education and
health services.
有价值的货物
这种货物的消费被认为是内心所欲的。人们认
为，如果消费者主体不具有而且又不愿购买足够
数量的这类商品时，他们应该被强迫或被鼓励去
购买。这类商品包括教育和卫生服务。
merit increase
按工作成绩提薪
merit point system
In procurement, a system whereby points are given
to each bid in respect to a number of factors. These
points are then correlated with the bid price and the
contract awarded on the basis of the best points/price
combination.
积分评标制
招标中根据一定的因素给每个标进行打分的一
种评标制度。把分数与报价相联系，再根据分数
与报价的最佳组合授标。
message front-end system
信息前端系统
messages [agricultural extension]
The basic information that an agricultural extension
scheme wishes to impart to farmers.
信息[农业技术推广]
农业技术推广计划打算向农民传授的基本信息。
metal works
金属构件
Metals and Minerals Price Index [IBRD]
金属和矿产品价格指数[国际复兴开发银行]
meter rent [electricity]
The income received from electricity metering.
电力计量费[电力]
指电力计量费收入。
mezzanine financing
Financing using medium-risk capital, as opposed to
pure debt financing. The risk is intermediate -
between secured or senior debt and equity. It differs
from venture capital lending in that owners
surrender only a low amount of equity.
夹层融资
指利用中等风险资本融资，相对于纯债务融资。
其风险介于有担保或优先债务和股本投资之间。
它与风险资本贷款不同之处在于企业主只投入
少量股本。
MIBOR [= Madrid Interbank Offered Rate]
马德里银行同业拆放利率[简写为MIBOR]
microdata
微观数据
micro-level accountability
Microeconomic accountability, e.g. ensuring
efficiency in investment and in the production and
delivery of goods and services.
微观责任
指微观经济责任，例如，保证投资和生产上的效
率以及货物和劳务的交货。
micromanagement
微观管理
micro-sprayer irrigation
微喷灌溉
microteaching
Scaled-down version of teaching, planned to
develop new teaching skills and analyse existing
ones. The technique provides teaching practice in a
situation in which the complexities of the classroom
are minimized by restricting the number of pupils
and length of lesson and by focusing on specific
teaching skills.
微型教育法
按比例缩减的教学法，旨在开发新的教学技术和
分析现存的教育方法。这种技术用限制学生人数
和课程长度的方法来减少教室环境的复杂性，并
着重使用特殊教学方式进行教学实践。
middle income country
Developing country with per capita income of $400
or more.
中等收入国家
人均收入在400美元和400美元以上的发展中国
家。
midterm project review mission [World Bank]
中期项目评审团[世界银行]
Midterm Review - MTR [IDA]
Review of IDA resources in the middle of a
replenishment period.
中期审查（简写为MTR）[国际开发协会]
国际开发协会增资期中对资金状况进行的审议。
midyear review
年中审查[预算]
milling yield
出粉量
millions of barrels per day oil equivalent - mbdoe
日产石油百万桶当量（简写为mbdoe）
minehead price
The price of a mineral as it comes out of the mine,
i.e. excluding transportation and processing.
坑口价格
矿产品出矿价格，即不包括运输和加工的价格。
mineral lick; salt lick
牲畜舐用的矿物；牲畜舐用的盐矿
mine run coal; run-of-mine coal
Ungraded coal of various sizes as it comes from the
mine.
原煤，未经筛选的煤
刚出矿的未分级、大小不等的煤。
minimum cash ratio
最小现金比率
minimum cash requirement
最小现金需求
minimum package project
基底综合项目
minimum tillage
Planting crops through a sod of dead weeds or
stubble.
最小耕作法
指在布满荒草或草根的表土上种植作物。
minority threshold [IBRD]
Situation whereby a minority has an effective veto
because a certain majority is required to effect a
change and the minority holds enough votes to
prevent this majority being obtained, e.g. in the
World Bank, the US could block changes requiring
80% majority when it had a 20% shareholding.
少数有效否决权[国际复兴开发银行]
在使一项变革生效时，需要一定的多数票，而少
数票的持有者有足够的投票权防止多数票的产
生，因此具有效的否决权。例如在世界银行，美
国有20%的股权，可以阻止通过需要80%多数票
同意的变革。
misalignment (of rates of exchange)
（汇率）失调
misallocation of resources
资源分配不当
misprocurement [IBRD]
Procurement not in accordance with agreed
procedures.
采购不当[国际复兴开发银行]
指同协议的采购程序不一致的采购。
mission
团，组
见appraisal mission; audit mission; composite
mission; end-of-mission document; external review
mission; field mission; full mission; investment
review mission; midterm project review mission;
post appraisal mission; preappraisal mission; review
mission; supervision mission
mission statement [EDI]
出访报告[经济发展学院]
mitigation plan; environmental management plan;
action plan
Part of a formal project environmental assessment,
this plan outlines feasible and cost-effective
measures which may reduce potentially significant
adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels.
It should provide details of proposed work programs
and schedules to ensure that the proposed
environmental actions are in phase with engineering
activities throughout preparation. The Bank uses all
three terms.
减轻环境影响计划；环境管理计划；行动计划
是正式项目环境评价的一个组成部分，这项计划
列出可行的和合乎成本/效益的措施，以求把潜在
的对环境的相当大的不利影响减低到可接受的
水平。它还应提供建议的工程规划的详情和进
程，保证建议的环境行动同整个准备阶段的工程
活动同步进行。以上这三个名词都为世界银行所
采用。
mixed enterprise
混合企业
mixed farming project
混合农业项目
mixed financing; blend financing
混合融资
mixed fertilizer
复合肥料
见compound fertilizer
mixed financing; blend financing
混合贷款
mixed forest
Type of temperate forest, consisting of trees of
different species.
混合林
温带林的一种类型，包括各种不同种类的树木。
mixed-use forest
Forest which has uses other than timber production.
混合用途林
除木材生产外还可作其他用途的森林。
mobile training unit
流动培训组
mobilization advance [contracts]
Advance payment to a contractor to enable him to
start work.
筹备预付款[合同]
指对承包商的一项预付款，以便使其能开始工
作。
mobilization costs
In a construction project, the initial costs needed to
get a project under way, including advance
payments, bonds, etc.
筹备费用，工地设施费用
在一个建设工程项目中，使项目开始施工所需的
初始费用，包括预付款、保证金等等。
mobilization ratio [IFC]
Ratio of project cost net of IFC financing to IFC
financing.
投资比率[国际金融公司]
减除国际金融公司融资部分以后的项目成本与
国际金融公司融资部分之间的比率。
model bid documents
投标文件范本
model school
示范学校，师范学校
见demonstration school
modified Bruno ratio; internal exchange rate
As for the Bruno ratio but using for the entire project
life instead of for just one year.
修改后的布鲁诺比率；内部汇率
一种布鲁诺比率，但不是只用于一年，而是用于
整个项目的生命期。
moisture stress
湿度严重不足，干旱
monetary aggregates
The main indicators of the monetary status. Include
such features as monetary base and money supply.
货币总量
货币状况的主要指标，包括货币基础和货币供应
等特征。
monetary correction
Macroeconomic changes to the money supply, e.g.
by adjusting interest rates or altering the amount of
money in circulation.
货币供应量调整
货币供应的宏观变化，如利率调整或流通中货币
数量的改变。
monetary ease
Policy of reducing restrictions on the availability of
money, e.g. by easing credit restrictions.
放松银根
减少对获得货币的限制政策，例如放松信贷限
制。
monetary expansion
货币扩张
monetary restraint
Holding down the rate of growth of the money
supply.
货币限制，货币控制
降低货币供应的增长速度。
monetary stringency
银根紧，货币短缺
monetization
货币化
monetized GDP
用货币表示的（货币化的）国内生产总值
money at call
短期拆放款
见call money
money center banks
Bank based in a large financial center (e.g. New
York or London).
金融中心银行
位于大金融中心（例如纽约或伦敦）的银行。
money income
货币收入
money-losing operation
亏本运作，亏本业务
money market
The market for short-term debt instruments, such as
certificates of deposit, commercial paper, bankers´
acceptances, Treasury bills, discount notes and
others. These instruments are all liquid and tend to
be safe.
货币市场，金融市场，短期资金市场
即短期债务工具市场。短期债务工具包括定期存
款单、商业票据、银行承兑票据、国库券、贴现
票据等。这些金融工具都易于变现并比较安全。
参见capital market, financial market
money market (mutual) fund - MMF; mutual fund
A mutual fund specializing in high yield short-term
instruments of credit such as Treasury Bills,
certificates of deposit, commercial paper, bankers´
acceptances and repurchase agreements. For the
difference between FCP and SICAV, see mutual
fund.
货币市场（共同）基金（简写为MMF）；共同
基金
指专门经营高收入短期信用票据的共同基金，如
国库券、定期存款单、商业票据、银行承兑票据
和回购协议。（关于FCP和SICAV之间的不同，
见mutual fund）
money market paper
货币市场票据
money market rate
The rate of interest in the money market. In the U.S.,
there is no single rate but a series of rates, including
the prime rate, the Federal Reserve discount rate, the
Federal Funds rate, the 1 month commercial paper
rate and the 3 and 6 month Treasury Bill rate.
货币市场利率
货币市场上的利率。在美国没有单一的利率，而
是一系列利率，包括优惠利率、联邦储备贴现率、
联邦基金利率、1个月商业票据利率和3个月、6
个月国库券利率。
money stock, supply
货币存量，货币供应量
money wage
货币工资
moneyness
Closeness to being money; ease with which an asset
can be spent; liquidity.
近似货币的特性；易于变现的特性
与货币近似的特征；一项资本可以用于支付的程
度；可变现性
monitoring
监控，监测
monitoring and evaluation - M & E
监测与评价（简写为M&E）
monoculture; sole cropping
单一作物制
monocyclic management
Forest management system which provides for the
removal of all merchantable trees down to a specific
diameter at breast height in a single operation,
followed by a poison - girdling of remaining large
noncommercial stems. Silvicultural treatment is
continued at intervals to promote the growth of
desirable species.
单周期管理
指一种森林管理制度，其做法是一次性去除一切
可销售的树木直至只剩下具有一定直径齐胸高
的树木，接着使用毒化方法对剩下的无商业价值
的大树进行环状剥皮加以剔除。以后时而进行造
林处理，以促进需要的品种的生长。
monopoly rent
垄断租金，垄断利润
moral hazard
Irresponsible conduct by the insured which is likely
to increase the possibility of loss.
道德危害
指投保人有可能使损失增加的不负责任的行为。
moratorium interest; interest on overdue payments*
逾期付款利息
mortgage bank
抵押银行
mortgage financing
抵押贷款，抵押筹资
most-favored-nation clause
A clause in an international trade agreement which
states that contracting parties to an agreement are
bound to grant to each other treatment as favorable
as they extend to any other country regarding the
application of import and export duties and other
trade regulations. First put forward at Geneva Trade
Conference, 1947 and became a part of GATT
regulations.
最惠国条款
国际贸易协定中的一项条款，表明缔约各方必须
在有关进出口关税和其他贸易条例方面，相互给
予优惠待遇，象他们给予其他任何国家的优惠一
样。该条款首次在1947年日内瓦贸易会议提出，
并成为关贸总协定规章的一部分。
most immediately impacted (MII) countries
最直接受影响（简写为MII）的国家
most seriously affected countries - MSA
受影响最严重的国家（简写为MSA）
mother and child health (MCH) center
妇婴保健（简写为MCH）中心
motivator [family planning]
宣传员[计划生育]
motor octane number - MON
A measurement of the octane quality of gasoline
relating to part throttle operation.
马达辛烷值
部分调整油门时测得的汽油辛烷特性。
mountain forest
山区森林
mountain rice; upland rice; highland rice
山地稻；旱稻；高原稻
moving average
移动平均数
见running average
multiattribute decision analysis
Technique of decision analysis which allows
tradeoffs between objectives to be analysed.
多属性决策分析
一种决策分析技术，它容许在被分析的目标之间
权衡利弊，进行选择。
multicropping; multiple cropping
复种制
multicurrency clause [loan contract]
A clause in a loan agreement stating that more than
one currency may be used in paying or redeeming
the loan.
多种货币条款[贷款合同]
贷款合同中规定可用一种以上货币偿还或赎回
贷款的条款。
multidwelling houses
多户式住房
Multifibre Arrangement －MFA
多种纤维协定（简写为MFA）)
multigrade teaching
Teaching where more than one grade is taught in the
same class due to shortage of teachers and/or low
amount of pupils.
多年级合班教学
由于缺乏教师和（或）学生数量少，而在同一个
班中教授一个以上年级的课程。
Multilateral Investment Insurance Agency- MIGA*
多边投资担保机构（简写为MIGA）
multilateral investment insurance
多边投资保险
multilateral trade negotiations - MTN
多边贸易谈判（简写为MTN）
multilevel farming
多层次种植
见multistory farming
multimedia training modules [EDI]
多种方式培训法[经济发展学院]
multimodal transport
多种方式联运；综合运输
multiple cropping; multicropping
Growing two or more crops in the same year on the
same field.
复种制
在同一地块上，一年种植两茬种或两茬以上作物
的耕作方式。
(multiple) (currency) option bond
Bond (usually Eurobond) which gives the lender the
right to opt to receive interest and/or capital in a
currency other than that in which the bond is
denominated.
（多种）（货币）选择债券
多为欧洲债券，放款人有权要求以债券以外的其
它货币偿还利息和（或）本金。
multiple stage tax
A tax which has more than one rate such as income
tax in most countries.
多档征税制
有一个以上税率的税种，如大多国家征收的所得
税。
multioption facility-MOF*
多种选择贷款（简写为MOF）
multiple trading approaches
多重交易制
multiplier
乘数
见credit multiplier
multiplier effect*
乘数效应
multiproduct agency credit line [IFC]
多种产品机构信贷额度[国际金融公司]
multipurpose berth
多用途泊位
multipurpose project
综合项目
multisectoral general equilibrium model
A computable general equilibrium model which
covers several sectors.
跨行业总体平衡模型
指覆盖几个行业的可计算的总体平衡模型。
multishift teaching
多班次教学制
multistory farming; multilevel farming
Intercropping trees, shrubs and crops of various
heights for total ground cover.
多层次种植
不同高矮的树木、灌木和作物相间种植，覆盖整
个地面。
multivariate technique
A technique of analysis (normally of a statistical
nature) which involves more than two variables.
多变量分析技术
一种包含两种以上变量的分析技术（通常是统计
性质的）。
multiyear rescheduling arrangement; multiyear
restructuring agreement - MYRA
Agreement in commercial bank negotiations which
allowed for restructuring over a period of years
rather than annually, to reduce the burden imposed
by annual restructurings.
多年（债务）重新安排；多年（债务）调整协议
（简写为MYRA）
在商业银行谈判中达成的多年的而不是每年一
次的（债务）重新安排协议，目的是减少每年调
整的工作负担。
mutual fund; money market (mutual) fund
共同基金；货币市场（共同）基金
mutually exclusive projects*
相互排斥的项目
mutually offsetting entries
In accounts, two entries which cancel each other out.
互相冲消的帐项
帐目中两个互相抵消的帐项。