- J -
jeopardy clause; escape clause; break clause
A clause in a Eurocurrency agreement specifying
that, if certain events curtail the lender´s activity or
the operation of the Euromarkets, other designated
actions will come into effect.
危害条款；免责条款；中断条款
欧洲货币协议中的一项条款，规定如果某些事件
影响了借贷人的活动或欧洲货币市场的运转，其
他预定的行动便立即生效。
jeopardy loan
Term used by IFC to indicate that a loan has serious
problems. IFC expects to make a loss (though not
necessarily a 100% loss) on a jeopardy loan.
危险贷款
国际金融公司的一个术语，指有严重问题的贷
款。国际金融公司准备承受危险贷款所带来的
（虽然不一定是100%的）损失。
jitney
专线行驶的小型公共汽车
jobbing
代客买卖股票，中间贸易
job description
职责范围，工作说明
job order accounting
A cost accounting method which accumulates the
costs of doing a separately identifiable job.
分批成本核算
一种成本会计方法，即对每一项可单独分类的工
作的成本进行累计。
job-related training
与工作有关的培训
joint and several
连带的
joint and several guarantee*
负连带责任的担保
joint committee
联合委员会
Joint Ministerial Committee of the Boards of
Governors of the Bank and the Fund on the Transfer
of Real Resources to Developing Countries
(Development Committee).*
世界银行与国际货币基金组织理事会向发展中
国家转让实际资金的联合部长级委员会（发展委
员会）
joint monitoring committees
联合监督委员会
joint stock company
股份公司
joint venture
合资企业
jumbo borrowing(s)
Borrowing or lending in large quantities; usually
refers to amounts in excess of US $250,000.
大额借款，大额贷款
大额借款或贷款，通常指超过25万美元的借款或
贷款。
junior creditor
次要债权人
junior debt; subordinated debt
Debt which, in case of liquidation, cannot be paid till
payments on other obligations have been made.
Opposite of senior debt.
次要债务；附属债务
在清偿时，偿还完其它债务后方能偿还的债务。
区别于优先债务。
junior high school
初级中学，初中
juridical personality; legal existence
法人资格
justification
正当理由，辩护，论证
just in time (JIT) manufacturing
Production and inventory control systems designed
to produce small lots and to produce the right items
in the quantities needed by subsequent production
processes at the right time.
应时生产，应时制造（简写为JIT制造）
一种生产和存货的控制系统，用来在特定时间为
下一道工序生产小批量和特定数量的特定产品。
- K -
key data
关键数据，主要数据，基本数据
key interest rates
The main market interest rates - includes LIBOR,
U.S. prime rate, U.S. federal funds rate and certain
others, depending on where it is used.
主要利率
依使用地而定的主要市场利率（包括伦敦银行同
业拆放利率、美国优惠利率、美国联邦基金利率
和其它某些利率）。
key money rate; central rate
The term used to describe the main interest rate set
by the central bank (or equivalent) and which
effectively governs other market interest rates. In
the U.S., it is the federal funds rate.
主要货币利率；中心利率
用来表示中央银行（或同等机构）确定的有效控
制其他市场利率的主要利率。在美国指联邦基金
利率。
keynote address, speech
主旨发言，主旨讲话，主旨演讲
keynote speaker; keynoter
主旨发言人，主旨讲话人，主旨演讲人
key species
Species that have a more profound impact on their
ecosystem than other species. They are organisms
which provide critical support through webs of
interactions to the existence of other species.
主要物种，关键物种
指对其生态系统具有比其它物种更为深刻影响
的物种。它们是在相互影响的网络中对其它物种
的生存提供重要支持的有机体。
kidney cotton; West Indian cotton; Sea Island
cotton; Egyptian cotton
椭圆型棉；西印度棉；海岛棉；埃及棉
knapsack spraying
背桶喷雾
know-how
专门知识，专门技术，技术
- L -
labor agreement; collective agreement*
劳资协议；集体协议
labor costs
劳动力成本，人工费用
labor force
劳动力
labor force penetration; labor force participation rate
The extent to which those of working age are
actually working.
劳动力参与率
指劳动年龄段中实际参加工作的人口的比重。
labor-intensive
劳动密集型，劳动集约型
labor-intensive industry
劳动密集型产业
labor-management relations; labor relations;
industrial relations
劳资关系
labor market
劳动力市场
labor relations; industrial relations;
labor-management relations
劳资关系
labor shed
劳动付出
lag; slippage
A delayed climatic effect.
滞后，迟延，拖延
一种滞后的气候影响。
lagged inflation
滞后的通货膨胀
lagging indicator
A statistic that does not change till after the economy
in general has changed, e.g. the value of construction
completed.
滞后指标
一种在整个经济变动以前保持不变的统计数字，
例如已完工的基本建设的价值。
lamplight fishing; fishing by lamplight
灯光捕鱼
land betterment tax
土壤改良税
land consolidation
土地集中，土地兼并
land development
土地开发
land equivalent, equivalency ratio - LER
Area needed under sole cropping to give as much
produce as 1 hectare of intercropping or mixed
cropping at the same management level, expressed
as a ratio.
土地等值，等值比率（简写为LER）
在同样的管理水平下，要使种植单一作物的产量
达到1公顷间种或混种作物的产量所需要的面
积，以比率表示。
landfill
填地
land improvement
土壤改良
landlocked country
内陆国家
land reclamation
垦荒，开荒造地
land reform
土地改革
land register
土地登记
land resilience
A measure of the ability of the land to withstand and
recover from shock, i.e. a sudden impact such as
drought, overgrazing, change in specified land use.
土壤恢复力，地力
衡量土地经受破坏（即干旱、过度放牧、特定用
地的变化等突发性影响）并从中恢复的能力。
land settlement
移民
land tax
土地税
land tenure rights
土地占有权
land tenure system
土地占有制，土地制
land use plan
土地使用计划
land use planning
土地使用计划编制
land use ratio
土地使用率
landed price
The quoted or invoiced price of a commodity,
including costs of loading, shipping and unloading at
destination.
卸岸价格
一种包括装货、运输和在目的地卸货费用在内的
商品的报价或发票价格。
lapse-of-time decision
A decision which is deemed to be approved if no
objection is received by a specific date.
时效终止后决定
在一规定日期前如无人提出反对意见则自动生
效的决定。
last in, first out - LIFO
后进先出法（简写为LIFO）
late bid
Bid submitted after the deadline specified for bid
submission
误期投标
在规定的投标限定时间之后发生的投标。
late maturing [crop]
晚熟[作物]
latrine
厕所
见bucket latrine; cistern flush latrine; pit latrine;
pour flush latrine; vault toilet; ventilated improved
pit latrine
law of diminishing marginal utility
Law which states that although total utility increases,
the marginal utility received from consuming each
additional unit of a commodity decreases.
边际效用递减法则
这一规律认为，在消费一种商品时，虽然总的效
用增加，但每消费一个增加的单位商品所得到的
边际效用是递减的。
law of diminishing returns
收益递减法则
laydays; laytime
The period of time agreed between the parties during
which the owner shall make and keep the ship
available for loading/discharging without payment
additional to the freight.
装卸货日数，停泊时间
有关双方同意的装卸货日数，在此期间货主准备
好船舶待装/卸货物，不再在运费之外增加收费。
layout
布局
layout plan
布局规划
laytime see laydays
装卸货日数
lead agency
首要领导机构，牵头机构
lead bank; lead manager
Bank with main responsibility for arranging a bond
issue or international Eurocredit. Lead manager is
also used in the sense of agent bank.
首要银行；首要经理
首要银行是指在安排债券发行或国际欧洲信贷
方面负主要责任的银行。首要经理也用于指代理
银行。
lead donor
首要捐款人，主要捐款国
lead economist
主任经济学家
lead manager see lead bank
牵头经理
lead time of a project
项目准备期
leading indicator
A statistic valued for predicting purposes because its
movement is generally followed by a certain
movement of the economy in general, e.g. building
permits, average weekly work hours, unemployment
claims and corporate profits.
先行指标
具有预测价值的统计指标，因为整个经济活动的
某些变化一般跟随其后。这些指标包括批准的建
筑额平均每周工作小时失业补贴申请和公司利
润等。
leads and lags
A term referring to changes in the pattern of
international payments terms. At any one time a
country is extending and receiving trade credit via its
exporters and imports. If a devaluation of its
currency is feared, its importers with foreign
currency obligations may hurry to pay, otherwise
their debts will be greater after devaluation, i.e. they
“lead” payments. Conversely, exporters will benefit
by not hurrying to convert export receipts in foreign
currency - they “lag” payments.
提前和推迟结汇
这一名词用于指在国际支付条件中支付方式的
变化。在任何一个时候，一国通过其出口商和进
口货物提供和获得贸易信贷。在担心本国货币贬
值的情况下，本国有支付外汇义务的进口商可能
急于结汇，否则其债务在货币贬值以后会增加。
他们这样做就是“提前”结汇。在相反的情况下，
出口商会不急于把出口收入外汇转换成本国货
币，而从中获益，即“推迟”结汇。
leakage
In investment, benefits to selected parterns by means
other than declared financial returns, such as
distorted transfer pricing, non-arms length royalties
or management fees and inflated equipment costs.
渗漏，漏损
在投资中，用公布的财务收益以外的方式使部分
合伙人获利的方式，如制定扭曲的调拨定价，不
公平的使用费或管理费，虚拟设备成本等。
learning by doing
A method of learning involving practical
experience.
边做边学
一种结合实践经验进行学习的方法。
learning curve
An imaginary graph which describes the rate at
which people learn something new. Initially, they
will normally pick up a lot of information quickly
but then will gradually take more time to learn less.
学习曲线，认知曲线
一个想象的图形，它描述人们学习新东西时的速
度。开始时人们通常能很快地学到许多知识，但
逐渐地他们要花较多时间只能学习到较少的知
识。
learning materials
学习材料
learning rate
学习速度
lease
租赁
见finance lease; operating lease; true lease
leaseback
回租
leasehold*
租赁营业，租借期，租赁权，租赁（物）
lease purchase*
租借购买
leasing
租赁
least cost analysis
A type of analysis commonly used to compare
alternative projects or project designs when value of
output (benefits) cannot be measured adequately
(e.g. certain transport projects). If it can be assumed
that the (unquantifiable) benefits exceed the cost and
if appropriate adjustments are made for any
differences in benefits among the alternatives, the
task is then to minimize the cost of obtaining them
through least-cost analysis.
最小成本分析
一种分析方法，一般用来对产值（效益）不易测
算的项目或项目设计进行替代比较（例如某些交
通项目）。如果可以假定（无法量化的）效益超
过成本，并对不同方案中的效益差别进行适当的
调整，接下来的任务就是通过最小成本分析法来
尽量缩小成本并达到这一目的。
least developed countries - LLDCs
最不发达国家（简写为LLDCs）
least squares method
An econometric estimation technique involving
minimizing the sum of the squares of the vertical
distance between the observed data points and the
regression line.
最小平方法，最小二乘法
计量经济学中的一种估算技术，使观察数据各点
和回归线之间的垂直距离（离差）的平方之和为
最小。
legal authority
法律权
legal entity, person
法人
legal existence; juridical personality
合法存在；法人资格
legal force
法律效力
legal instruments [agreements, etc.]
法律文件，法律文书[协议等]
legal opinion
法律意见
legal person, entity
法人
legal remedy
法律补救方法；法律制裁；法律补偿
legal reserve
法定准备金；法定公积金
legal status
法律地位
legal tender
法定货币
lender of last resort
One of the functions and a major raison d´être of a
modern central bank whereby the bank has to
provide liquid assets to the banking system when the
existing liquid assets of the banking system threaten
to deplete.
最后贷款人
这是现代中央银行职能之一，也是其存在主要的
理由。根据这一职能，在一国的银行系统现存流
动资产有耗竭的危机时，中央银行必须向银行系
统提供流动资产。
lender of record*
正式贷款人
lending agency, institution
贷款机构
lending authority
The amount of money that the Bank can lend, based
on its paid-in capital.
贷款权
在缴讫资本的基础上，世界银行可以进行贷款的
数额。
lending commitment
贷款承诺
lending limit
贷款限额
lending pipeline; pipeline of projects
Projects which have advanced beyond the stage of
appraisal mission departure, i.e. which are expected
to be in the forthcoming year´s lending program.
进行中的贷款；进行中的项目
指那些评估团已经离开，可望列入未来几年的贷
款规划中的项目。
lending program
贷款计划
lending rate
贷款利率
lengthman [highway maintenance]
A man appointed to maintain a certain length of
road.
养路员[公路保养]
指受到指派保养某一段道路的人。
less developed country - LDC
欠发达国家（简写为LDC）
less than carload freight - LCL
A shipment that occupies less than a full railroad car,
that may be moved from car to car as economy of
shipment dictates and on which higher rates than full
carload lot rates apply.
零担货物装运（简写为LCL）
指数量不够装满一辆铁路车皮的货物，根据装载
经济原则，它们可能在车皮间搬动调剂，而且其
运价高于整车货运。
letter of acceptance
Written notification by the employer to the
contractor of acceptance of his bid.
授标书，中标通知书
业主（雇主）向承包商发出的接受其报盘的书面
通知。
letter of comfort
A written instrument issued by A, where A agrees to
make every effort to assure B´s compliance with the
terms of a contract, but without committing A to
perform B´s obligation in the event that B is unable
to fulfil his obligation. Usually issued by a parent
company on behalf of a subsidiary in another
country.
告慰信
A发出的一份书面文件，其中A同意尽一切努力
保证B对合同条件的遵从，但没有承诺在B不能
完成其义务时由A去完成B的义务。这通常是由
一个母公司代表在另一个国家的子公司发出的。
letter of credit (L/C)
Form of documentary credit whereby a bank
promises to honor drafts payable to one party, drawn
on it by another party.
信用证（简写为L/C）
指银行应一方要求，保证给另一方付款的信用凭
证。
letter of development policy - LDP [IBRD]
Letter from the Government of a country receiving a
structural adjustment loan to the President of the
Bank, setting out the Government´s medium-term
objectives for structural change and the range of
measures that it intends to take over several years to
achieve these objectives.
发展政策书（简写为LDP）[国际复兴开发银行]
接受结构调整贷款国家的政府致世界银行行长
的信，信中列出政府结构改革的中期目标和为达
到这些目标在今后数年内打算采取的一系列措
施。
letter of intent - LOI
Used to put in writing a preliminary understanding
of parties who intend to enter into a contract.
意向书（简写为LOI）
由打算签订一项合同的各方所达成的初步谅解
组成的书面文件。
letter of no objection - LNO [imports]
In some countries, a letter sent by the Government to
a domestic company, asking that company if it has
any objection to specific items being imported. The
company may make an objection, thereby
preventing the goods from being imported.
无异议信（简写为LNO）[进口]
指在有些国家，政府写给国内某一公司的信，征
求该公司对进口某种商品有无反对意见。该公司
可以提出异议，从而制止该商品的进口。
letter of sectoral policy [IBRD]
Letter from the Government of a country receiving a
sectoral adjustment loan to the President of the
Bank, setting out the Government´s medium-term
objectives for sectoral change and the range of
measures that it intends to take over several years to
achieve these objectives.
部门政策书[国际复兴开发银行]
指接受一项部门调整贷款国家的政府致世界银
行行长的一封信，列出政府部门改革的中期目标
和为达到这些目标在今后几年内打算采取的一
系列措施。
letter of understanding
谅解书
Levant cotton; herbaceous cotton; American short
staple cotton; Arabian cotton
列凡特海棉，草本棉，美国短绒棉，阿拉伯棉
leveling off
拉平，使平均
level annuity system
The level annuity system entails equal aggregate
payments of principal and interest (i.e. with
principal repayments made in gradually ascending
amounts). This system was used by the World Bank
prior to 1975.
均等年金制
在均等年金制中，每年本息支付总额是均等的
（即还本额逐年增加）。世界银行曾在1975年以
前采用过这一制度。
level border irrigation
畦地漫灌，水平畦灌
见basin irrigation
level repayment
Repayment scheme where repayments are at a fixed
level, even though the interest rate may change.
均额支付
一种偿还本金的计划，即不论利率是否变化，偿
还额固定不变。
leverage (ratio) [US]; gearing (ratio) [UK]
Ratio of debt/liabilities to equity/assets. Includes
debt and debt-equity ratios. 杠杆（率）[美国]；搭
配（率）[英国]
债务/负债与股本/资产之间的比率。包括债务和
债务/股本比率。
亦见guarantee leverage
leverage, to
运用杠杆手段
leveraged buyout - LBO
Purchase of a company by a small group of
investors, often including management, mostly with
borrowed funds. The debt is usually repaid from the
company´s cash flow or from the sale of assets.
杠杆收购（简写为LBO）
即由一小批投资者（常常包括管理人员在内）收
购一个公司，大多数情况下使用的是借入资金，
其债务通常通过公司的现金流量或资产出售来
偿还。
levy
征税；收费
liabilities
The credit half of a balance sheet.
负债
资产负债表中的贷方。
liability management
负债管理
LIBOR [London interbank offered rate]
The interest rate at which banks in London are
prepared to lend funds to first-class banks. It is used
to determine the interest rate payable on most
Eurocredits.
伦敦银行同业拆放利率（简写为LIBOR）
位于伦敦的银行向一等银行拆借资金采用的利
率，用于确定大多数欧洲信贷的利率。
licensing agreement
许可证协议
lien; charge [legal]
扣押权，留置权[法律]
life (of a project)
（项目的）使用寿命
life cycle cost evaluation
Evaluation of equipment over its whole life,
including initial purchase, maintenance and
operation.
寿命周期成本估值
对设备整个使用寿命，包括初始购置、维修和运
行周期的估值。
life expectancy
预期寿命
lifeline tariff
A special low tariff for a commodity (e.g. gas or
electricity) made available to disadvantaged groups
(e.g. poor or elderly) or to all consumers but only up
to a certain amount.
命脉物资
以特殊的低价向处于不利地位的群体（如穷人或
老年人）提供某种商品（如煤气或电），或对所
有消费者，但只使用于一定数量范围内。
lifelong education; continuing education; recurrent
education
终身教育，继续教育，再教育
life of a loan
贷款期限
lift, remove credit restrictions; decontrol*
取消信贷限制，取消控制
light Arabian crude; Saudi Arabian light crude
The world´s most prolific crude oil, frequently used
as a marker crude in establishing the prices of other
crudes.
阿拉伯轻原油；沙特阿拉伯轻原油
这是世界上最多的一种原油，常常用来作为确定
其他原油价格的标准原油。
light gray cotton
浅灰棉
light industry
轻工业
light spotted cotton
轻度污染棉
limited international bidding - LIB
International competitive bidding by direct
invitation without open advertisement.
有限国际性招标（简写为LIB）
只作直接邀请而不公开招标的国际竞争性招标。
limited liability company
有限责任公司
limited recourse finance
Finance arranged on the basis of the lender having
recourse to the borrower only in certain
circumstances (e.g. the loan to British Petroleum
(BP) to finance the Forties oil field in the North Sea,
where the lenders had no recourse to BP if there was
insufficient oil).
有限追索权融资
一种只有在特定的情况下贷款人才有权向借款
人进行追索的融资安排。[例如：向英国石油公
司（BP）提供的资助北海弗蒂斯油田的贷款，如
果那里石油不充足，借款人不能向英国石油公司
提出追索]。
line breeding
Special form of inbreeding to maintain a high
genetic relationship to a desirable ancestor.
直系繁殖
特殊形式的同系交配，旨在与理想的原种保持一
种高度的遗传基因关系。
line department
业务领导部门
亦见line ministry
line-haul [transportation]
长途运输[运输]
line item [budget]
A specific revenue or expenditure separately
detailed in a budget.
专列收支项[预算]
在预算中单独详列的专向收入或支出。
line kilometer [surveying]
A kilometer as measured by the line of flight of an
aircraft. Used to measure the distance covered by an
aircraft when taking remote sensing images.
航线公里[测量]
指按一架飞机飞行路线度量的一公里。用来度量
飞机进行遥感摄像所覆盖的距离。
line management
业务领导
line management position
业务领导职位
line manager
业务主管
line ministry, department
A Government ministry responsible for
implementing a program or group of programs as
opposed to one responsible for general planning and
administration, e.g. would include Agriculture,
Social Security but exclude Finance, Planning.
业务部、局
一个政府的部（局），负责实施一种规划或一组
规划，而不是负责总体计划和总行政管理。如农
业部、社会保障部等等，但不包括财政部、计划
部。
line position
业务岗位
line staff
业务人员
linear expenditure system [mathematical model] *
线性开支制度[数学模型]
linear programming
A mathematical procedure to obtain an optimal
answer to a series of equations that usually specify
resources available; technological relationships of
the production process; goals of the society; relevant
constraints to any solution that is found.
线性规划
一种数学方法，用于求得一系列等式的最佳答
案。这类等式一般具体表明可供资源的情况，生
产过程中的各种技术关系，各种社会目标，对已
知解决方法的诸多制约等。
liner (shipping) conference
A combination of shipping companies or owners
which sets common liner freight rates on a particular
route and which regulates the provision of services.
班轮公会
由轮船公司或船东组成，制定一条具体航线上统
一的班轮运价率，并调节管理班轮提供的服务。
link
连接
见UHF link; VHF link
linkage
联系
见backward-forward integration, linkage;
backward integration, linkage
liquefied natural gas - LNG
液化天然气（简写为LNG）
liquefied petroleum gas - LPG
液化石油气（简写为LPG）
liquid assets; quick assets
Cash in banks and on hand and marketable
securities.
流动资产；速动资产
即在银行或手头的现金，以及可在市场出售的证
券。
liquid assets portofolio; liquidity portfolio [IFC]
流动资产组合；流动性有价证券组合[国际金融
公司]
liquid ration
可变现率
见acid test ratio
liquidated damages
A sum of damages agreed upon in advance between
parties to a contract, to be paid by the party who
breaches the contract, as opposed to unliquidated
damages, which are not fixed in advance, and are
liable to be overturned by the courts.
约（预）定的损害赔偿金
缔结合同的双方事先约定的一笔赔偿金，由违约
的一方支付。相对于“未约（预）定的违约损害
赔偿金”，后者由于未事先在合同中约定，所以
很可能在法庭上被推翻。
liquidation value; forced sale value
The price obtainable from an immediate sale, where
the seller is under either legal or voluntary
compulsion to sell.
清算价值；迫售价值
指在迫切出售下所能取得的售价，这是出售者在
法律或自愿的强迫情况下进行的出售。
liquidity management; liquidity portfolio
management
清偿力管理；流动资产管理
liquidity portfolio [IFC]; liquid assets portfolio
流动性有价证券组合[国际金融公司]；流动资产
组合
liquidity position
流动头寸
liquidity ratio
The ratio of the actual level of liquidity to projected
three year net cash requirements.
易变现比率（现金比率）
指实际的易变现水平与预测的三年内净现金需
要之间的比率。
liquidity shortage
头寸短缺
liquidity squeeze
流动性（清偿力）紧缩
listing (of securities)
The process of public quotation on a Stock
Exchange of a share or bond.
上市、挂牌（证券）
指一种股票或公债在一个证券交易所公开上市
的过程。
literacy; literacy education
识字、读写能力；文化水平
literacy level
读写水平，文化水平
live fencing
The use of live trees as boundary markers for the
production of fruit, fodder or other products, instead
of wooden fences.
树栅
用活树代替木篱笆作水果、饲料或其他作物生产
的界限标记。
live storage, capacity
活载容积、容量
living area
生活区
load
负荷
见peak load
load, base
荷载，基底负荷
load bearing capacity; traffic bearing capacity
负荷能力；路面承载能力
load factor [electricity]
The ratio of the average load over a designated
period of time to the peak load occurring in that
period.
负荷系数[电力]
在预定时间内，平均负荷与该期内出现的高峰负
荷之间的比率。
load fund
Mutual fund which charges a handling fee.
成本基金
收取手续费的共同基金
loan account
贷款帐户
loan agreement
贷款协议
loan application
贷款申请
loan assumption agreement
承接贷款协议
loan capital
借入资本，借贷资本
loan commitment
贷款承诺
loan costing
贷款成本定价
见loan pricing
loan equivalency pricing
Pricing procedure adopted in Bank cofinancing,
whereby credit alternatives offered by the Bank,
such as loans and guarantees, are all priced
comparably and do not compete among themselves.
贷款均等定价[世界银行]
世界银行对联合融资采取的定价程序。其中，世
界银行提供的可替代信贷（如贷款和保证）都是
通过比较而不是相互间竞争定价的。
loan investment
贷款投资
loan officer
放款员
loan origination fee
The fee typically charged by a DFI to recover the
cost of investigating and granting a request by a
borrower for a loan.
贷款创始费
指发展金融机构一般征收的一笔费用，用以回收
应借款人提出的贷款要求而进行的调查研究和
批准贷款的成本。
loan portfolio
The unpaid loans of a lending organization.
贷款业务量
指贷款机构尚未得到偿还的贷款。
loan pricing, costing
Establishing the interest rate of a loan.
贷款定价，贷款成本定价
对一笔贷款的利率进行确定。
loan processing
办理贷款手续
loan proceeds
贷款资金
见allocation of loan proceeds
loan recovery
贷款回收
local area network - LAN
本地区网络系统（简写为LAN）
local authority; local government
地方当局；地方政府；本国政府
local competitive bidding - LCB
国内竞争性招标（简写为LCB）
见competitive bidding in accordance with local
procedures
local cost; onshore cost
国内费用，国内成本
local currency
本国货币
local employee [IBRD]
国内雇员[国际复兴开发银行]
local government; local authority
地方政府；国内政府；地方当局
local shopping
Procurement based on comparing price quotations
obtained from several local suppliers.
国内询价采购
在通过对国内数家供应商的报价进行比较的基
础上进行的采购。
localization
Use of local staff.
本国化，本地化
使用本国人员。
localization economies
Agglomeration economies which are external to a
specific company but internal to a specific industry.
They commonly result from the increased demand
for goods and services from specific industries.
Increased demand leads to increased competition
and efficiencies among firms intending to provide
inputs to production. It also includes vertical and
horizontal integration of specific industries, where
ancillary industries within the same area provide
inputs or complementary services to other industries
and firms. Cf. urbanization economies.
地区化经济
指在一个特定公司之外、一个特定产业之内的集
中化经营的经济。其产生一般是由于一些特定产
业对货物和服务的需求增加所造成的。需求的增
加导致想提供生产投入的厂商间竞争加剧和效
率提高。也包括某些产业的纵向和横向结合，使
同一地域内的辅助产业向其他产业和厂商提供
生产性投入或辅助性服务。
参见urbanization economies
locked in capital gains
被占用资本收益，搁置资本收益
locked in interest rate
被锁住利率，被套住利率
locked-up capital
Capital that is unavailable as it is committed to other
uses.
被占用资本
已经向其它用户承诺但不可使用的资本。
lock gate price; sluice price; sluice gate price
A theoretical cif price used in calculating European
Communities supplementary levies on imports of
pork, poultry and eggs.
闸门价格；水闸价格
理论上的到岸价格，用来计算欧共体对进口猪
肉、家禽和鸡蛋征收的附加费。
logging [forestry]
砍伐[林业]
long form audit report
A detailed report or letter prepared by an auditor
following an audit. It is addressed to the
management or directors.
详细审计报告
指审计人员在完成一项审计以后，写给管理当局
或董事会的一个详细的报告或函件。
long-run average incremental cost - LRAIC
长期平均增量成本（简写为LRAIC）
long-run marginal cost - LRMC; efficiency price;
efficient price [electricity tariffs]
The cost of meeting an increase in consumption,
sustained indefinitely into the future, when needed
capacity adjustments are possible.
长期边际成本（简写为LRMC）；效率价格;有
效价格[电力收费]
这是为在无限的将来，当消费需求增加时，进行
电量调整的成本费用。
long staple cotton
Cotton with fibers of 1 1/8 inches long or more.
长绒棉花
指纤维长度在1 1/8英寸或以上的棉花。
long-term blended cost rate - LTB [IFC]
A rate used by IFC to assist in determining the
performance of its loan portfolio, it is based on three
parts of average costs of borrowed funds and one
part capital resources.
长期混合成本比率（简写为LTB）[国际金融公司]
这是国际金融公司用来帮助确定其各种贷款综
合效益的一个比率，它是以三份借入资金的平均
成本和一份资本金为基础计算出来的。
long-term debt ratio
Ratio of long-term debt to total assets.
长期债务比率
指长期债务对总资产的比率。
Long-term Facility for Financing Purchases of
Capital Goods by Developing Countries [IBRD]
资助发展中国家购买资本货物的长期贷款基金
[国际复兴开发银行]
long-term liabilities
Liabilities that will become due in the future, usually
more than one year.
长期负债
指将来到期的负债，一般期限为一年以上。
long-term prime rate - LTPR
Prime rate used in Japan.
长期优惠利率（简写为LTPR）
即日本使用的优惠利率。
longitudinal survey
Surveys of limited populations in purposively
selected areas, recording events as they actually
occur (as opposed to making estimates).
纵向调查
在有目的选择出来的地区对有限人口进行的调
查，并按实际发生的情况进行登录（相对于进行
估计）。
loss in weight; waste [commerce]
短重，重量损失；耗损[商业]
loss leader
（招揽顾客的）亏本出售商品
loss of load probability - LOLP
A measurement of the probability of power outages.
负荷亏损概率（简写为LOLP）
一种对断电概率的测算法。
loss payee
In insurance, a third party suffering the actual loss
named as beneficiary of the policy.
损失赔偿受款人
在保险业务中，实际受到损失的第三方被提名作
为保险单的受益人。
loss provision; provision for losses; reserve for
losses
亏损准备金
losses and write-offs*
亏损与销帐
low absorber [country]
Oil exporting capital surplus country that has been
able to make very limited use of oil revenues for
domestic development. Includes Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait.
低吸收能力国家[国家]
指石油输出资本剩余国，这些国家利用石油出口
收入对本国进行开发的能力非常有限。其中包括
沙特阿拉伯和科威特。
lower heating value; net heating value - NHV; net
calorific value - NCV
低热值；净热值（简写为NHV）；净卡路里值（简
写为NCV）
lower middle income country - LMIC
Developing country with a per capita income in
1980 exceeding $600 but below $1200. Include
some Latin American countries, some South-East
Asian ones (such as Philippines and Thailand),
Mediterranean countries (such as Morocco and
Tunisia) and some sub-Saharan African countries
(such as C?te d´Ivoire and Nigeria).
中等偏低收入的国家（简写为LIMC）
指1980年人均收入超过600美元但低于1200美元
的国家。包括一些拉美国家，东南亚国家（如菲
律宾和泰国），地中海国家（如摩洛哥和突尼斯）
和一些撒哈拉洲以南非国家（如科特迪瓦和尼日
利亚）。
lower quality old debt
低质量旧债
lower secondary education
初中教育
lowest bidder
最低报价，最低递盘价
lowest evaluated bid
Bid which is considered to have the lowest price,
taking into account factors such as time of
performance, reliability of construction methods or
efficiency of equipment, availability of maintenance
services and other criteria disclosed to the bidder.
The relative factors should be stated in the bidding
documents and should be expressed in monetary
terms or given a relative weight.
最低评标价
，根据招标文件对投标人提出的若干条件（如开
工时间，工程方法的可靠性或设备的效率，可提
供的维修服务和其他评审标准）而确认的最低价
格报盘。有关因素应在招标文件中写明，并标以
价格或给以相应的权数。
lowest priced bidder
The bidder who offers a bid at the lowest price.
最低价格投标者、递盘者
指提供最低价格报盘的投标者。
low income country
低收入国家
low load factor consumer [electricity]
A consumer using a low amount of electricity.
低负荷系数消费者[电力]
指使用少量电力的消费者。
low standard road
低标准道路
low voltage consumer [electricity]
低压电力消费者[电力]
lump sum borrowing [IFC]
A currency-specific borrowing made in a lump sum
by IFC from IBRD for its short-term future needs.
整额借款[国际金融公司]
指国际金融公司向世界银行筹措的指定货币整
额借款，以支付短期之需。
lump sum contract [consultants]
Contract where payments are based on an agreed
lump sum with no matching of inputs to payment
being made once the figure has been agreed.
总包合同，总付合同[聘用咨询专家]
根据双方同意的一笔总额付款签订的聘用合同。
总付金额一经同意，就不再将投入与付费额挂
钩。
lump sum loan
One of two types of fixed rate loan made by the Bank
to IFC involving currency-specific lump sum
amounts to meet net cash requirements for the
following six to twelve months.
整额贷款
指世界银行向国际金融公司所作的两种固定利
率贷款类型之一，包括为应付将来6到12个月净
现金需求的指定货币整额贷款。
lump sum price
一次性总付价格