- E -
early intensive adjustment lending (EIAL) country
Country that received two structural adjustment
loans or three adjustment operations, with the first
taking place before 1986.
早期密集型调整借款（简写为EIAL）国家
指那些自1986年以前至今，接受过两笔结构调整
贷款或三个调整项目的国家。
early (maturing) [crops]
早熟[作物]
early retirement scheme
提前退休计划
early warning system
预警系统
earmark, to (funds)
指定用途，专款
earmarked account
专款帐户
earmarked tax
专用税款
earned income
已实现收入，经营收入
earned surplus
已实现盈余，经营盈余
earning assets
Loans and investments.
有收益资产，盈利资产
即贷款和投资。
earning power
收益能力，盈利能力
earnings
收益，盈利
earthfill dam
Dam constructed of excavated earth material.
土坝
用挖掘出来的土料修筑的坝。
earth resources satellite
One of a series of satellites designed primarily to
measure the natural resources of the earth.
地球资源卫星
主要为勘测地球上的自然资源而设计的系列卫
星之一。
earth road
Unsurfaced road made entirely out of earth.
土路
完全用土建成、未铺路面的道路。
ease, monetary
Policy of reducing restrictions on the availability of
money, e.g. by easing credit restrictions.
银根松动，放松银根
放松限制货币供应的政策，如放松信贷限制。
easy money
A condition in which a combination of relatively low
interest rates and great credit availability exists.
银根松动，低息借款
指利率较低并且信贷充足的情况。
economic and sector work - ESW
经济与部门调研（简写为ESW）
economic hardship
A reason for delaying Bank or IFC repayments.
经济困难
是推迟对世界银行或国际金融公司还款的一个
理由。
economic indicator
经济指标
economic internal rate of return
经济内部收益率
见economic rate of return
economic life
经济寿命
economic man
经济人
economic management
经济管理
economic performance
经济运行情况
economic policy note [EDI]
经济政策文件[经济发展学院]
economic price; efficiency price
Price reflecting relative value to be assigned to
inputs and outputs if the economy is to produce the
maximum value of physical output efficiency.
经济价格；效率益价格
当经济产生物质产生效率的最大值时，价格反映
的投入和产生的相对价值。
economic rate of return - ERR; economic internal
rate of return - EIRR
An internal rate of return based on economic prices.
经济收益率，经济回报率（简写为ERR）；经济
内部收益率，经济内部回报率（简写为EIRR）
根据经济价格确定的内部回报率。
economic recovery loan - ERL [World Bank]
经济复苏贷款（简写为ERL）[世界银行]
economic rent
The return for the use of a factor of production in
excess of the minimum required to provide the
service of the factor. The surplus remaining to a
project beneficiary after he receives the rewards
necessary to attract physical inputs, labor,
entrepreneurship and the willingness to bear risk.
经济租金，经济纯利，经济报酬
指一项生产要素所得报酬超过该要素维持现有
用途所需的最低报酬的那部分收益。在项目受益
人收到吸引物质投入、劳力、企业管理和承担风
险的意愿所必需的报酬以后，盈余部分仍归他所
有。
economic soundness [MIGA]
One of the criteria used in assessing a project before
a guarantee is provided.
经济健全性[多边投资担保机构]
在提供担保之前评估项目时所采用的标准之一。
economics of regress
The economics of negative growth. The opposite of
economics of progress.
倒退经济学
负增长经济学。是增长经济学的反意词。
economies of scale
规模经济
economies of scope
Cost advantage of producing different products in a
single firm.
范围经济
指在一个企业里同时生产不同产品而达到成本
优势。
edge bias
In crop evaluations, inclusion of a plant on the edge
of the square delineating the area to be measured,
rather than excluding it, leading to an upward bias.
边缘偏差，边角偏倚
在评估作物时，把要测算的正方形区域边缘上的
一株植物包括在内而不是排除在外，导致估计过
高的偏差。
effective demand*
实际需求，有效需求
edit (texts for publication)
编辑，校订（供出版使用的文字）
edited by
编者，校订者，由……校订
editor
编辑，编者
educational achievements
教育成就
educational background
学历
educational material
教学材料，教材
effective
见cost effective
effective cut-off
见operational cut-off
effective date
生效日期
effective exchange rate
The domestic market price of a good divided by its
border price. In effect, the exchange rate actually
paid for a given good. Serves as an estimate of the
shadow exchange rate for that good.
有效汇率，实际汇率
即某一货物的国内市场价格除以其边境价格。实
际上是对某一货物实际支付的汇率。用来估计该
货物的影子汇率。
亦见real effective exchange rate
effective interest rate
The true rate of interest paid on an installment loan.
有效利率，实际利率
对一笔分期偿付的贷款所支付的实际利率。
effective protection coefficient - EPC
A measure of protection through import duties, etc.
as related to domestic value added as opposed to
total value of output. Commonly measured as the
excess value added. It measures the protection given
to the production process per se, not just to the
product. Often useful as a partial, quick indicator of
economic acceptability.
有效保护系数（简写为EPC）
用于衡量通过进口税等办法提供的保护。它与国
内增加值而不是总产值相关，通常被作为额外增
加值。它不仅仅用来衡量对产品的保护，而且用
来衡量对生产过程本身的保护。常常可作为一种
对经济可接受程度的有限的、快捷的指标。
effective subsidy*
实际补贴率，有效补贴率
effectiveness
生效，有效性，效益
见conditions of effectiveness; cost effectiveness
effectiveness of an agreement
协议的有效性
effects method [project appraisal]
A method of project evaluation originated by
Charles Prou and Marc Chervel, widely used in
French-speaking African countries, which involves
valuing the product and its tradeable inputs at
shadow prices. A comparison is made between the
situation with the project and without the project.
效果法[项目评估]
指由Charles Prou 和Marc Chervel 创立的一种项
目评价方法，广泛用于非洲法语国家。这种方法
用影子价格对产品和可交易投入物进行估值，对
“有”此项目和“无”此项目两种情况做比较分
析。
efficiency cost of taxation; excess burden of taxation
The difference between the resources that the
government gains and the sacrifice that is made by
taxpayers.
征税的效率成本；超额税负
指政府获取资源与纳税人所作牺牲之间的差。
efficiency price
效率价格
见econoimc price
efficiency price; efficient price; long-run marginal
cost - LRMC [electricity]
The cost of meeting an increase in consumption,
sustained indefinitely into the future, when needed
capacity adjustments are possible.
效率价格；长期边际成本（简写为LRMC）[电力]
这是为满足消费需求在无限的将来增加时，有能
力进行必要的供电量调整的成本费用。
efficiency unit
效率单位
efficiency wage
Wages measured in cost per unit output rather than
in actual wages received or paid.
效率工资
以单位产出成本而不是以实际收入或付出衡量
的工资。
efficient price; efficiency price; long-run marginal
cost - LRMC [electricity]
效率价格；长期边际成本（简写为LRMC）[电力]
effluent charges
Payment for direct releases into the environment.
排污税，排污费
对直接向环境中排放污染物所征收的费用。
effluent sewerage; solids-free sewerage; small-bore
sewerage
A hybrid between a septic tank and a conventional
sewerage system. Its distinctive feature is a solid
interceptor tank located between the house sewer
and the street sewer. The interceptor tank retains the
solids, thereby allowing smaller sewers to be laid at
flatter gradients and with fewer manholes.
出流排污；固体物过滤排污；小口径管排污
介于化粪池和通常的排污系统之间的一种排污
设施。其特点是在住宅排污和街道排污系统之间
装置一个截污池，把固体污物拦截下来，这样可
以将较小的管道沿较平坦的坡度铺设，并减少检
修口。
18% currency [IBRD maintenance of value]
The capital paid in to the Bank by a member country
in its own currency. Members have to pay in 20% of
their initial shares, of which 2% is in gold and 18%
in the national currency. This is the 18% currency.
Though subsequent capital increases have required a
lower national currency payment, this amount is still
called 18% currency.
18%的（本国）货币（股本） [国际复兴开发银
行保值]
指会员国以本国货币向世界银行认缴的股份。会
员国在缴付认购股份时，只需先缴纳20%最新认
购股份，其中2%以黄金缴纳，18%用本国货币缴
纳，这就是所谓18%货币。虽然以后增资时要求
缴纳的本国货币比例降低了，但这一部分仍称为
18%货币。
18% currency out on loan [IBRD maintenance of
value]
18%贷款货币[国际复兴开发银行保值]
Egyptian cotton; kidney cotton; Sea Island cotton;
West Indian cotton
埃及棉；椭圆型棉；海岛棉；西印度棉
elasticity of demand
The percentage change induced in one factor of
demand divided by a given percentage change in the
factor that caused the change. For example, if the
price of a commodity is raised, purchasers tend to
reduce their buying rate.
需求弹性
由某一需求因素诱导变化的百分比，除以引起这
一变化的因素的一定百分比的变化。例如，如果
一种商品的价格上升，购买者趋向于降低他们的
购买率。
elasticity of substitution
A measure of the ease with which one input can be
substituted for another when responding to a change
in the ratio of the prices of the substitution. For
instance, given a production function, suppose that
the ratio of the return to capital to wages declined
1%, making labor relatively more expensive than
capital. If the ratio of the amount of capital input to
labor input used increases more than 1%, the
elasticity of substitution is elastic, which implies that
it is relatively easy to substitute capital for labor.
替代弹性
用一种替代物来替代一种投入物时，衡量当替代
物的价格比率发生变化时，替代的难易程度。例
如，在已知一个生产函数的条件下，假设资本收
益对工资的比率下降1%，那么劳动力相对于资
本费用上升。如资本投入量相对于劳动投入量增
加了1%以上，那么这种替代弹性是有弹性的，
这就意味着以资本来替代劳动相对比较容易。
亦见constant elasticity of substitution
elastic money
The situation occurring in a monetary system in
which the volume of currency in circulation can be
varied to meet different needs.
弹性货币
出现于货币体制中的一种现象，流通中的货币数
量可以随需要而变化。
electronic funds transfer - EFT
电子资金转帐（简写为EFT）
eligibility; eligibility conditions
合格；合格条件
elegibility ceiling
最高合格限度
见formal elegibility threshold
eligibility to bid
投标资格
elegibility threshold
合格限度
见formal elegibility threshold
eligible [procurement]
合格的，有资格的[采购]
eligible currency
合格货币
eligible expenses
合格的费用
eligible host country [MIGA]
A member who is listed as a developing member
country in Schedule A to the Convention.
合格的东道国[多边投资担保机构]
指在《多边投资担保机构公约》的附表A中列为
发展中会员国的会员国。
eligible investment [MIGA]
Investment accepted for coverage under the
Convention. Includes equity interests, including
medium- or long-term loans made or guaranteed by
holders of equity in the enterprise concerned, and
such forms of direct investment as may be
determined by the Board.
合格的投资[多边投资担保机构]
指《多边投资担保机构公约》规定的可投保的投
资。如股本权益，其中包括有关企业的股东发放
或担保的中长期贷款，以及由董事会确定的其他
形式的直接投资。
eligible paper
Paper than can be freely traded on the market.
合格票据
可在市场上自由交易的票据。
eligible risk
可接受的风险，合格的风险
eligible source country
合格的来源国
embodiment hypothesis
Economic theory which states that investments in
new capital equipment embody technical change.
体现假设论
一种经济理论，认为新的资本设备投资体现技术
的变革。
emergency reconstruction loan - ERL
紧急复兴贷款，紧急重建贷款（简写为ERL）
emergency recovery loan - ERL
紧急恢复贷款（简写为ERL）
emerging markets [securities]
新兴市场[证券]
Emerging Markets Growth Fund* -EMGF [IFC]
新兴市场发展基金（简写为EMGF）[国际金融公
司]
eminent domain
The power to take private property for public use by
the state, municipalities and private persons or
corporations authorized to exercise functions of a
public nature.
征用权
指取得私有财产用作公共用途的权利。该权利由
国家、市政当局，以及被授权行使公共职能的私
人或公司行使。
emissions trading
Pollution dischargers who release less pollution than
the officially approved limit may sell or trade the
difference between its discharges and the authorized
limits to another firm which can then increase its
amount of discharge.
排放量交易[环境]
污染排放者在污染排放量低于官方批准的限量
时，可以将其排放量同批准排放量之间的差额向
另一厂商出售或进行交易，使后者可以增加其排
放量。
empower
授权
empowerment
Giving political power to disadvantaged groups, e.g.
women, children.
给予权利，赋予权利
给处于不利地位的群体（如妇女、儿童）以政治
权利。
enabling environment
有利的环境
enabling legislation
实施性法案
encashment [IDA]
The conversion of notes and other securities paid in
by member countries to IDA into cash.
兑现[国际开发协会]
将国际开发协会会员国所付票据和其他证券兑
换成现金。
enclave project
Project designed and supervised by foreign
consultants, executed by foreign contractors and
suppliers and managed with the help of expatriates.
飞地项目
指由外国咨询专家设计和监督、由外国承包商和
供应商执行、并在外籍人员帮助下进行管理的项
目。
end-of-mission document
出差总结报告
end of pipe pollution control
Control of pollution where it is discharged rather
than in the production cycle.
排放口污染控制
在排放处而不是在生产过程中对污染加以控制。
end use (of a commodity)
（商品的）最终用途
end use (energy) efficiency
（能源的）最终使用效率
end use tax
最终使用税
energy
能源
亦见alternative energy; biomass energy;
commercial energy; constant energy intensity;
conventional energy; net energy ratio
energy balance*
能源平衡法
energy affiliate
Proposed organization, subsidiary of the World
Bank, dealing with lending for energy. Never
actually set up.
能源附属机构
世界银行提议成立的发放能源贷款的附属机构。
实际从未成立。
energy assessment
能源评估
energy audit
A survey of energy usage in a system or organization
and an examination of how energy may be used more
economically.
能源审计
指对一个系统或组织能源使用情况的调查，并考
察如何能更经济地使用能源。
energy cascading
The utilization of energy, otherwise wasted, in the
performance of work matched to the characteristics
of the energy, e.g. the use of waste heat from an
industrial process for a variety of purposes in
sequence, performing work at a lower temperature at
each stage. The sequence may include air heating,
steam raising and water heating.
能源分级利用法
为了不浪费能源而根据其特点物尽其用的方法。
例如根据不同目的利用工业过程中产生的废热，
按温度由高到低的顺序，用于空气加热、生产蒸
汽、水加热，等等。
energy conservation
能源节约，节能
energy cropping
The growth of plants to be used for energy needs
(i.e. wood, oil-bearing plants).
能源作物
为了满足能源需要而种植的作物（如树木、油料
作物）。
energy-efficient
有效使用能源的
energy-intensive
能源密集型，大量消耗能源的
energy lending
能源贷款
engender
Considering issues from the point of view of gender,
relations between the sexes.
社会性别观点，考虑社会性别问题的
从社会性别和两性之间关系出发考虑问题的观
点和方法。
engineered road
A planned earth road.
规划修筑的土路
engineering
工程
亦见design; design engineering; detailed design,
engineering; environnmental engineering; financial
engineering; heavy (engineering) industry;
preliminary design, engineering
engineering consultant
工程顾问，工程咨询顾问
engineering design
工程设计
engineering development
工程开发
engineering industry
工程工业
engineering, preliminary
前期工程，预备工程
engineering related technical assistance; hard
technical assistance
Technical assistance geared towards engineering
projects as opposed to institution related technical
assistance.
与工程有关的技术援助；硬技术援助
针对工程项目而进行的技术援助；区别于与机构
有关的技术援助。
engineering studies
工程研究
enhance new debt, to
增加新债
enhanced recovery [oil]
Increased recovery from a reservoir achieved by
artificial means or by the application of energy
extrinsic to the reservoir.
强化采集，强化回收[石油]
利用人为手段或采用石油储藏以外的能源，从石
油储藏中增加回收开采量。
enrollment ratio
Ratio of pupils enrolled to total school age
population.
入学率
入学学生人数与学龄儿童人数的比率。
enrollments
入学，入伍，注册人数，入学人数
entrepôt trade
The re-export trade of a country.
转口贸易，中转贸易
一个国家的再出口贸易。
entrepreneur
企业家
entrepreneurial benefit-cost ratio - EBC
企业家的效益-成本比率（简写为EBC）
entrepreneurship
企业家精神
entries
帐目
见accounting entries
entry level
起始级别
environment satellite accounts
Subsidiary national account for the environmental
sector.
环境卫星帐户
环境部门的国民经济分类帐户。
environmental action plan - EAP
环境行动计划（简写为EAP）
environmental (advisory) panel
An advisory panel of independent,
internationally-recognized, environmental
specialists, formed to advise on projects involving
large dams. Normally required for Bank large dam
projects.
环境（顾问）小组
由独立的、国际承认的环境专家组成的顾问小
组，其任务是对涉及到大型水坝的项目提出建
议。世界银行的大型水坝项目通常都有这种要
求。
environmental assessment - EA
An intensive examination that is required for lending
operation that have diverse and significant
environmental impacts.
环境评价，环境评估（简写为EA）
对影响环境的贷款项目所作的深入细致的审查，
这类项目对环境有各种各样或是很大的影响。
environmental audit
Detailed study of the environmental problems of an
area or industrial plant.
环境审计
对一个地区或工厂的环境问题所作的详细的研
究和审查。
environmental degradation
Deterioration in the environment. Includes
pathogens in the environment, indoor air pollution,
substandard housing and extensive industrialization.
环境降级
指环境的恶化，包括环境中存在病原体，室内空
气污染，低标准住房，以及大规模工业化。
environmental engineering
环境工程
environmental enhancement
Improvement to the environment. Used by the Bank
to refer to improvement to the environment as an
indirect effect of a project.
环境改善
指对环境作出的改善。世界银行用来指一个项目
对环境改善起到的间接作用。
environmental goods and services
Goods and services provided for environmental
protection purposes.
环境货物和服务
为环保目的提供的货物和服务。
environmental health, sanitation
环境保健、卫生
environmental hotspot
Area on the Earth where there is a considerable and
often unique species diversity.
环境热点
地球上相当重要的、并且往往是独一无二的物种
多样化地区。
environmental impact assessment - EIA
Evaluation of the effect of a project on the
environment.
环境影响评估（简写为EIA）
对一个项目对环境的影响的评价。
environmental management plan
环境管理方案
见mitigation plan
environmental reconnaissance
Bank mandated study, carried out by independent,
recognized experts during project identification, to
ensure that potential environmental effects are
identified, ascertain the scope of further
environmental studies and action needed，assess the
availability of the borrower to undertake them and
advise on the need for an environmental panel.
环境考察
世界银行在项目识别过程中的一项强制性研究，
由独立、公认的专家组进行。该研究的目的是确
认项目潜在的环境影响已经得到认明，确定需要
进一步进行环境研究的范围和需要采取的行动，
对借款人进行研究和采取行动的能力进行评价，
并对是否需要一个环境顾问小组提出意见。
environmental review
The whole process by which the Bank monitors the
environmental effects of projects. It may involve
fullscale environmental assessment or only limited
analysis. It starts with screening at identification and
continues through evaluation after the last
disbursement.
环境评议
世界银行监测其项目对环境产生的影响的全过
程。它可以包括全面的环境评价或仅仅是有限的
分析，从识别阶段的审核开始，一直持续到最后
一笔支付完成以后的项目评价阶段。
environmental screening
环境审核
environmental services
Functions performed naturally by forests, such as
maintenance of waterflow patterns, protection of
soil, support of economically important living
resources and regulation of climate.
环境服务，环境贡献
指森林自然完成的功能，如维持水流的格局，土
壤保护，对于经济上重要的生物资源的支持和气
候的调节。
environmental stress
环境压力，环境重点
environmental sustainability
环境的可持续性
environmentalist
环境专家
environmentally adjusted domestic product - EDP
根据环保要求调整的国内生产值（简写为EDP）
environmentally adjusted economic accounts - EEA
根据环保要求调整的经济核算帐户（简写为
EEA）
environmentally adjusted income - EAI
根据环保要求调整的收入（简写为EAI）
environmentally adjusted national income - ENI
根据环保要求调整的国民收入（简写为ENI）
epidemic disease [livestock]
传染病[畜牧]
equalization fund
Funds made available by a national government to
subnational or local governments to reduce the
degree of inequality in the levels of revenue raised
by the local governments.
平衡基金，平准基金
中央政府向下级或地方政府提供的基金，用来降
低地方政府之间财政收入水平的不平衡程度。
equalizing discount rate
平衡贴现率
见cross-over discount rate
equalizing rate of return
The rate of return that equalizes the present value of
two streams of costs. Used to compare two or more
different project alternatives.
平衡收益率
指使两组成本流的现值相等的收益率。用来比较
两个或两个以上的不同的项目选择方案。
equilibrating capital flow
起均衡作用的资本流动
equilibrium climate change
The change which would occur once all the lags in
the climate system have worked through the system,
which may take decades or centuries. 均衡气候变
化
指一旦气候系统中所有的时滞均在整个系统中
产生作用的情况下所可能发生的变化，这可能要
历时几十年甚至几百年的时间。
参见transient climate change
equilibrium exchange rate
The exchange rate when offer and demand are
equally balanced.
均衡汇率，平衡汇率
供需均衡情况下的汇率。
equilibrium income
均衡收入，平衡收入
equilibrium model
平衡模型
见computable general equilibrium model
equilibrium real exchange rate
The price of tradables relative to non-tradables that,
for given long-term equilibrium (or sustainable)
values of other relevant variables such as trade taxes,
international prices, capital and aid flows and
technology, leads to the simultaneous attainment of
internal and external equilibrium and is compatible
with long-term economic growth.
实际均衡汇率
指在给定其它相关变量，如贸易税、国际价格、
资本及援助额和技术等的长期均衡（或可持续
的）价值的条件下，贸易产品相对于非贸易产品
的价格。它导致在国内和国外同时获得均衡，并
与长期经济增长相一致。
equipment
设备
equipment grant
设备赠款，设备捐赠
equity
股本，自有资本，权益，资本净值
equity; common share [stock exchange]
股票；普通股[证券交易]
equity capital; capital stock (of a corporation)
The issued share capital which is neither limited nor
preferred in its participation in the distribution of its
profits nor in the ultimate distribution of its assets.
Equity capital is sometimes used as a synonym for
stockholders´ equity.
自有资本；（公司的）股本
指已发行的股份资本，它在参加利润分配或公司
资产的最终分配时，既不受限制，也无优先权。
该资本有时也作为股东权益（资产净值）的同义
词。
equity feature [IFC]
IFC loan which has a feature enabling it to be
converted into an equity participation.
可转换为股本的贷款[国际金融公司]
具有能转换为参股特点的国际金融公司贷款。
equity financing, investment
Investment that confers whole or partial ownership
in an enterprise and entitles the investor to share in
the profits from its operation.
股本融资，股本投资
这种投资可以使投资商获得一个企业的全部或
部分所有权，并使其有权分享经营利润。
equity fund
Money market fund investing in equity stocks.
股本基金
指投资于股票的货币市场基金。
equity grant
赠与资本
equity-like instrument
A loan structured in such a way that it can be
converted into equity. An example is an income note
that acts as equity, i.e. it bears interest only if the
project generates interest. This means it has the form
of equity (cf. stocks where income is generated only
if the company pays a dividend). An example of the
use of this type of instrument is in high-risk countries
where an equity investment would be lost at once but
an equity-like instrument, if dollar-denominated,
would guarantee the capital and ensure income if the
project produced income.
类似股本的证券
一种可以转换成股本的贷款构成方式。例如某种
具有股本功能的收入票据，只有在项目产生收益
时，才有利息。这就是说它具有股本的形式（如
只有公司支付股息的情况下才产生收入的股
票）。使用这类金融工具的一个例子是，在高风
险国家，股本投资可能会一下子化为乌有，而这
种类似股本的证券（如果是以美元计值的话）可
以保住资本，而且如项目产生收入，还可以保证
获得收入。
equity line [IFC]
Credit line (also known as agency line) established
in favor of an intermediary which would draw on the
line to make loan and equity investments for IFC´s
account.
股本额度[国际金融公司]
为一金融中介机构建立的信贷额度（也称代理额
度），由其提取，代国际金融公司放贷或进行股
本投资。
equity loan
Loan in the form of equity participation.
参股贷款
以参股形式发放的贷款。
equity ownership
An interest in a property.
股份所有权
在一项财产中拥有的权益。
equity portfolio fund
权益证券投资基金
equity ratio
Ratio of assets to net worth.
权益比率
资产与净值的比率。
equity security
A certificate that designates a proportional
ownership in a corporation. Includes rights, warrants
and long call options.
股票，产权股票，普通股
指在某一公司中拥有一定比例的所有权的证书。
包括权利、许可证和长期购买选择权。
equity subscription [IFC]
The purchase of shares in IFC by member countries.
认购股份[国际金融公司]
会员国认购国际金融公司的股份。
equity-type loan; sponsored loan
Loan made by equity holders of the borrower.
股本型贷款；创办人贷款
由借款人的股东所作的贷款。
equity underwriting
Underwriting (i.e. finding buyers for a security
issue) a share issue. This technique has been used by
IFC, e.g. for the Korea Fund, a diversified
closed-end investment company investing in Korean
securities, that plans to offer its shares in the U.S.
and other markets with IFC as one of the colead
managers.
股票承销
指承销（即为证券的发行寻求购买者）一项股票
的发行。这项技术曾为国际金融公司运用于韩国
基金，该基金为多种经营的封闭型投资管理公
司，投资于韩国证券，计划在美国和其他市场发
行股票，把国际金融公司作为两个牵头经理之
一。
escalation
滑动， 逐步上升
见prise adjustment clause；tariff esclation
escalation clause [prices]
Clause in a contract which allows for prices to
increase as certain specified items, e.g. labor costs,
increase.
自动调整条款[价格]
合同中的条款，允许当某些具体项目（如劳动成
本）价格上升时价格上调。
亦见price adjustment clause
escalator clause [wages]
Clauses in labor agreements providing for automatic
wage increases based on movements in a specific
price index.
自动调整条款[工资]
劳务协定中的条款，规定工资可根据某特定物价
指数的变动自动上调。
escape clause; break clause; jeopardy clause
A clause in a Eurocurrency agreement specifying
that, if certain events curtail the lender´s activity or
the operation of the Euromarkets, other designated
actions will come into effect.
免责条款；中断条款；危害条款；例外条款
指欧洲货币协定中的一项条款，规定在出现某种
妨碍贷款人活动或欧洲共同市场业务的事件时，
其他预定的行动将生效。
escrow
A writing, deed, money, stock or other property
delivered by the grantor, promisor or obligor into the
hands of a third person, to be held by the latter until
the happening of a contingency or performance of a
condition and then by him delivered to the grantee,
promisee or obligee.
代管契据，代管财产
由赠与人、立约人或债务人交给第三者保管的文
书、契据、款项、股票或其它财产，直至某一意
外事故发生或条件得到履行时，再由他交给受保
人、受承诺人或债权人。
escrow account
Account to set aside a sum of money for a specific
purpose, e.g. loan repayment.
记帐帐户
为特定目的（例如偿还贷款）拨出的一定数额的
款项设立的帐户。
estimates of quantities
数量估计
见preliminary estimates of quantities
establishment convention; base convention
Basic agreement used in financing a major project.
建立协议，基本协议
为一个大项目融资时采用的基本协议。
European Unit of Account-EUA*
欧洲记帐单位（简写为EUA）
Eurobonds
欧洲债券
Eurocurrency market
欧洲货币市场
Euroissues
欧洲证券
European Currency Unit - ECU
A standard unit of account of European Community
member countries.
欧洲货币单位（简写为ECU）
欧共体成员国的一个标准记帐单位。
European flotations
欧洲市场证券发行
Eurosterling
欧洲英镑
evacuation road
疏散道路
evaluated portfolio [IFC]
That part of the disbursed portfolio in companies
which have a sufficient operating history for a
reasonable review of their creditworthiness or profit
potential.
已估价的投资资产[国际金融公司]
指公司已支付的投资资产中，经营长达一定时
间，可以对其资信或盈利潜力做出合理审查的那
部分资产。
evaluation [projects]
评价[项目]
Evaluation Capability Development Program -
ECDP [IBRD]
评价能力开发计划（简写为ECDP）[国际复兴开
发银行]
evaluation mission; audit mission
评价团；审计团
evidence [ICSID]
证据[解决投资争端国际中心]
examination (of witnesses or experts) [ICSID]
（对证人或专家的）审查[解决投资争端国际中
心]
examination of bids
投标审核
examiner
检察员
见bank examiner
ex ante evaluation
事先的评价
ex ante financing gap
Used by the IMF to denote a gap between the funds
they need and the funds they have available at the
start of a program of financing.
预期资金缺口
国际货币基金组织在一个融资计划开始时用来
表示所需资金和现有资金之间的缺额。
excellence center [education]
Training and research institutions for the training of
highly qualified personnel and for undertaking
research in scientific disciplines.
优等培训研究中心[教育]
培训优秀专业人才和进行科学研究的培训和研
究机构。
excepted period
Period that does not count as laytime even if loading
or discharging is carried out.
除外时间，例外时间
即使装卸货仍在进行，但不算作装卸货时间内的
时期。
excepted risks
Risks excluded from insurance under a contract.
These often include war, revolution and similar acts
of violence, as well as explosions, damage caused by
radioactivity or aircraft and similar damage.
例外风险
一个合同中不包括在保险范围内的风险。通常包
括战争、革命和类似的暴力行为，以及爆炸、放
射线或飞机造成的损坏和类似的损害。
excess profit [economics not finance]*
超额利润
excess burden of taxation
过度的税收负担
见efficiency cost of taxation
excess capacity
过剩的生产能力，剩余能力
exchange
外汇
见foreign currency，exchange
exchange adjustment
汇率调整
exchange allocation
外汇分配
exchange arbitrage
外汇套利，套汇，外汇投机交易
exchange budget
外汇预算
exchange control regulations
外汇管理条例，外汇管制条例
exchange cost
换汇成本，换汇费用
exchange discount
外汇贴水
exchange equalization account
An account to stabilize the exchange value of the
domestic currency by preventing excessive
depreciation or appreciation. Used primarily in the
United Kingdom.
外汇平准帐户
为稳定本国货币的币值而设立的一种帐户，以防
止过分的贬值和升值。主要用于英国。
exchange market
外汇市场
见foreign exchange market
exchange premium
外汇升水
exchange rate differential
汇率差额
exchange rate overvaluation
外汇汇率溢值，外汇汇率高估
exchange rate policy
汇率政策
exchange risk
外汇风险
exchange stabilization fund
A fund set up to stabilize the value of the domestic
currency. Used primarily in the US.
外汇平准基金
为稳定本国币值而设立的一种基金。主要用于美
国。
exchange system
外汇制度
excise tax
货物税，消费税
exclusive economic zone - EEZ
The area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea
over which the coastal state has sovereign rights for
the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and
managing the natural resources of the bed, subsoil
and superjacent waters and with regard to other
activities for the economic exploitation and
exploration of the zone as well as jurisdiction with
regard to marine scientific research and the
preservation of the marine environment. It should
not exceed 200 miles.
专属经济区（简写为EEZ）
沿海国家领海以外和相邻海域不超过200英里的
一个区域。国家对其拥有主权，可在该区域进行
勘探、开采、保护以及管理海床、海底和其上层
海水的自然资源的活动，并对该区域的经济勘探
和开采活动以及海洋科学研究和海洋环境保护
等拥有司法权。
execute an agreement, to
使协议生效，执行协议
executing agency [UNDP]
Organization that implements a project on behalf of
another.
执行机构[联合国开发计划署]
代表另一个组织实施一个项目的组织。
Executive Board; Board of (Executive) Directors
[IBRD; IDA]
执行董事会；执董会[国际复兴开发银行；国际
开发协会]
Executive Director
执行董事
executive summary
提要，概述，概要
ex factory price; price ex factory; factory gate price
The manufacturing cost excluding cost of
distribution.
出厂价格，出厂价
指制造成本，不包括销售成本。
exhaustion of local administrative or juridical
remedies [ICSID]
当地行政或司法补救措施全部用尽[解决投资争
端国际中心]
existence value
Value of keeping something (e.g. a species of plant
or animal) even when no benefit is expected to be
derived from keeping it, now or in the future.
存在价值
保存某些东西（例如动植物物种）的价值，即使
预期在目前或未来都不能从保存中获利。
exit barrier
Legal mechanism that prevents from leaving a
market (e.g. liquidating or merging a firm), often
designed to protect workers from unemployment or
to conserve scarce capital resources.
退出障碍
防止退出市场（例如清算或兼并企业）的法律机
制，往往是为保护劳工不致失业或保存稀缺的资
金而设定。
external current account deficit*
对外经常帐户赤字
exit bond
Instruments issued by a debtor country to a creditor
bank in place of a bank credit, that allows the
creditor bank to be exempted from future requests
for new money and restructuring. Used by Argentina
and the Philippines (with its Philippines Investment
Notes - PIN).
退出债券
由债务国向贷款银行发行的、代替银行信贷的一
种金融证券，使贷款银行免于面对增加新贷款和
调整偿还期的要求。曾在阿根廷和菲律宾使用
（如菲律宾投资债券-简称PIN）。
exit mechanism
Procedures to allow users of a service to use
alternative services. In public sector management,
these include deregulation, contracting out of
services to multiple private providers and
competition between the public and private sectors.
The basic concept was developed by Albert
Hirschman in Exit, Voice and Loyalty and adapted
by Samuel Paul to the issue of accountability.
退出机制
指允许一项服务的用户使用其他替代服务的程
序。在公共部门管理中，包括取消管制；把服务
承包给多家私人服务供应商；鼓励公共和私营部
门之间的竞争。其基本概念由赫什曼在《退出、
呼声和忠诚》中提出，萨谬尔 保罗加以调整用
于责任问题。
exit value
卖出价
见current exit value
ex-officio [ICSID]
按照职务，出于职权[解决投资争端国际中心]
expansionary policy
（经济）扩张政策
expatriate
外籍雇员
expectation [mathematics]
预值[数学]
见expected value
expected value
The mean value of single observations drawn from a
finite or infinite universe in repeated samplings.
预期值，期望值
从有限或无限的范围内，反复抽样得出的单项观
察资料的平均值。
expendable equipment
消耗性设备
expenditure-switching
One of the policy alternatives necessary to remove
an international trade imbalance. Examples are
devaluation and import restrictions which are
intended to encourage domestic output and also
foreign expenditure on domestic output.
支出转移（政策）
为消除国际贸易不平衡而采取的一项必要的政
策选择，例如旨在鼓励本国生产和增加外国在本
国产品上的支出的货币贬值和进口限制。
expense, to; to write down
减记
expert appraisal
专家评估
expertise
专门知识（或技能），专长
explanatory variable; predictor; predicated,
independent variable; fixed variate; regressor
[statistics]
解释变量；预测因素；独立变数；固定变数；回
归数[统计]
(explicitly) collusive oligopoly
An oligopoly where participants act as a cartel.
（明显的）勾结性垄断
由几家厂商串通一气并作为一个卡特尔行事的
垄断行为。
export adjustment loan - EAL
Loan made by the World Bank to assist a country to
adjust its export sector.
出口调整贷款（简写为EAL）
世界银行为帮助一个国家进行出口部门调整所
作的贷款。
export credit
出口信贷
export development fund - EDF
A self-sustaining revolving fund set up to recapture
the foreign exchange advanced within a specific
period, typically 120-360 days, for use again by
eligible beneficiaries. It provides mechanisms to
give access to exporters to foreign exchange for the
purchase of intermediate inputs. The Bank has made
loans for these funds as part of its Program of
Special Assistance.
出口发展基金（简写为EDF）
一项靠自身维持的周转基金，设立的目的是在一
定时期内，一般为120-360天，回收预付的外汇，
供合格的受益人重新使用。它提供一种机制使出
口商取得外汇来购买中间投入物。世界银行作为
其特别援助计划的一部分，为这类基金作过贷
款。
export earnings, proceeds
出口收入
export-enclave economy
Economy which is geared towards the export of one
commodity only (e.g. oil).
出口飞地（经济）
指仅适合一种商品的出口（例如石油）的经济。
export-oriented
出口型，外向型
export parity price
The estimated price at the farm gate or project
boundary derived by adjusting the cif or fob price by
all the relevant charges between the farm gate and
the project boundary and the point where the cif or
fob price is quoted.
出口平价价格，出口等值价格
根据农场门口或项目边界地至到岸价或离岸价
的报价点之间的各项有关费进行调整后得出的
农场门口或项目边界的估价。
export processing zone - EPZ
An industrial area forming an enclave in the customs
area of a country (generally near a port or airport).
出口加工区（简写为EPZ）
在一个国家的海关区域内形成飞地的工业区（一
般在港口或机场附近）。
export rehabilitation project - ERP [IBRD]
Project geared towards improving the export
performance of a country.
复兴出口项目，出口恢复项目（简写为ERP） [国
际复兴开发银行]
以改进一个国家的出口效益为目的的项目。
export shortfall
出口不足
export subsidy
出口补贴
exports of goods and services - XGS
货物与劳务的出口（简写为XGS）
ex post cofinancing
Cofinancing after the initial loan has been made, e.g.
by selling part of the loan.
事后联合融资
通过诸如出售部分贷款等办法，在进行的联合融
资。
ex post evaluation
The process whereby the Bank, and in some
instances, an agency of the government, shortly after
completion of project implementation and
disbursements of the proceeds of the loan, review
comprehensively the extent to which the objectives
and expectations of the project, on the basis of which
the Bank loan was approved, have been or show
promise of being achieved.
事后评价
在项目实施完成和贷款资金支付完毕以后不久，
由世界银行（有时由一个政府机构）对项目进行
全面的评审，检查贷款批准时所设定的目标和预
期效果是否已经或有望达到。
extended linear expenditure system - ELES*
扩大的线性支出系统（简写为ELES）
ex post real interest rate
The actual real interest rate.
已发生的实际利率
exposure
Amount of investment made, with the additional
idea of risk. These translations are proposed. The
translation will often depend on the context.
已投资金额
已经投资的金额风险敞口，带有风险之意。此处
所做的译文仅供参考，实际应用时应根据上下文
而定。
亦见bank exposure； co-exposure； country
exposure
exposure diversification
风险分散
ex quay (duties on buyers´ account)
Applies to goods that the seller makes available to
the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the
sales contract. The seller bears the full cost and risk
involved in bringing the goods to this destination,
except for the liability for clearing the goods for
import, which is the responsibility of the buyer.
码头交货，买方码头交货（由买方交付税款）
指卖方在销售合同中指定的目的地码头向买方
提供的货物。卖方负担送货到目的地的全部成本
和风险，货物进口手续由买方负责办理。
extended family
大家庭，有两代以上人口的家庭
extended payment plan
延期付款方案
extender [gasoline]
补充剂，增量剂[汽油]
extension [agriculture]
推广（科研成果等）[农业]
extension [building]
扩建[建筑]
extension agent, worker
Low-level staff providing assistance and advice to
farmers.
推广人员
向农民提供帮助和咨询的下层工作人员。
亦见field-level extension worker
extension officer
A higher-level staff member providing assistance
and advice to farmers.
推广官员
向农民提供帮助和咨询的高层工作人员。
亦见field-level extension officer
external current account deficit
对外经常帐户赤字
external debt outstanding
外债余额，未偿外债
external debt reporting system
外债报告制度
external payment position
国际收支情况，外债偿付情况
external review mission
外部检查团
external viability
外部可行性，外部存活性
externalities [projects]
Costs and benefits of development projects which do
not get captured by the market mechanism, e.g.
revulsion caused by bad taste advertising, garbage
dumped on the outskirts of a city and poor
performance of sanitary services.
外部因素[项目]
发展项目中不在市场机制控制范围内的成本和
效益，如庸俗广告引起的反感、倾倒在市郊的垃
圾、卫生服务不佳等。
extra long staple cotton
Cotton with fibers of 1 3/8 inches long or more.
特长纤维棉花
纤维长度在1 3/8英寸或更长的棉花。
extraordinary budget; special budget
非常预算，临时预算