- D -
dam
堤坝
见diversion dam; earthfill dam; storage dam
data collection
收集数据
dated information
注明日期的信息
day release; block release
The system by which a trainee is authorized to be
absent from work, usually for one or two complete
days a week, with or without pay, in order to attend
part-time courses of related instruction and general
education constituting part of his training program.
全天脱产培训
一种培训制度，该制度下接受培训的人获批准脱
产，通常是每周一、两天，带薪或不带薪，目的
是能参加培训计划中有关授课和普通教育的课
程。
day-to-day money
日用资金
见call money
days receivable
The average number of days overdue of accounts
receivable. It is used as an indicator of the efficiency
of the commercial operations of a corporation, as it
reflects its ability with regard to collection of bills.
The Bank target is around 60 days.
应收帐款平均拖延日期
指应收帐款平均过期天数，用来作为一个公司的
商务活动效率的指标，反映它在收帐方面的能
力。世界银行的目标是60天左右。
dead storage (capacity)
无效容量，不能利用的容积
deadweight (losses)
Loss of consumer surplus incurred by buyers and not
captured by producers, which is consequent upon an
initially competitive industry becoming
monopolistic and therefore, ceteris paribus,
charging a higher price and selling a lower level of
output.
无谓的损失
指买方失去而生产者未能抓住的消费者盈余。这
是最初相互竞争的行业形成垄断以后的后果，即
（在其它条件保持不便的情况下）提高售价，减
少产品销售量。
deadweight tonnage - DWT
The weight in long tons that a vessel can carry when
fully laden.
载重吨位（简写为DWT）
指一个交通工具完全装满后可载的英吨重量。
deadwood equities [IFC]
Investments that either have a loss reserve, a
write-off, paid less than half of the portfolio´s
average dividend rate the past two years, are
presently valued at less than 1.2 times cost, or whose
prospects for future price appreciation are estimated
to be poor.
累赘股本[国际金融公司]
指某种投资，具有赔款准备金和注销额，在过去
两年里投资组合收益率不到平均股利的50%，目
前价值低于成本的1.2倍，或是未来价格溢升前景
不好。
dealer
掮客，中间商
见securities dealer
dean (of the Board of Directors)
（董事会）组长、资深董事
debenture (bond)
1. U.S.: Unsecured bond.
2. U.K.: Loan secured against specific or general
assets of a company.
债券，信用债券
1. 美国：无担保债券。
2. 英国：以一个公司特定的或一般的资产作担
保的贷款。
亦见convertible debenture loan investment
debt bunching
债务归集
debt burden ratio
Interest on debt as a percentage of exports.
负债比率
债务利息占出口额的百分比。
debt cancellation
取消债务
debt carrying capacity
债务承担能力
debt consolidation*
债务统一
debt conversion
债务转化
debt creating
债务生成，产生债务的
debt distressed country
债务困扰国
debt due
到期债务
debt enhancements
债务组合的改善
debt equity conversion; debt equity swap
债务股本转化；债务股本互换
debt equity conversion fund [IFC]
债务股本转化基金[国际金融公司]
debt equity ratio; debt to equity ratio; debt to capital
ratio
Mainly used to describe the ratio of total liabilities to
shareholders´ equity (net worth). It can also be used
to describe the ratio of long-term debt to equity, net
long-term debt to equity, total or long- term debt to
tangible equity (= equity plus revenue plus capital
reserves). All these definitions are used in the World
Bank and IFC, so care should be taken in translation
to ensure the correct term is used. Other definitions
are used outside the World Bank.
债务股本比率；债务资本比率
主要用于表示总负债与股东权益（净值）的比率。
也可用于表示长期债务对股本、净长期债务对股
本、总的或长期的债务对有形资产（股本加收入
加资本储备）的比率。所有这些定义都为世界银
行和国际金融公司所使用，因此在翻译时须小心
掌握，以确保用词的准确。其它定义在世界银行
之外使用。
debt equity swap; debt equity conversion
债务股本互换；债务股本转化
debt financing
举债筹资，举债融资
debt forgiveness
债务豁免
debt-for-health swaps
Exchanges of developing country debt for assistance
for health programs.
债务与卫生援助计划互换
用发展中国家的债务换取卫生援助方案。
debt funding
债务融资
debt outstanding and disbursed - DOD
已支付未偿还债务，债务余额（简写为DOD）
debt overhang
1．The total outstanding debt.
2．The total debt that cannot be readily covered by
expected growth.
未偿债务
1．未清偿的债务余额。
2．预期增长不足以抵偿的债务总额。
debt ratio
Ratio of total liabilities to total assets.
债务比率
总负债对总资产的比率。
debt relief
债务减免
debt rephasing; rescheduling of debt; rephasing of a
debt; debt rescheduling
债务重组；重定偿债期限；调整偿债期限；
debt representation letter
A letter from a member to the Bank outlining the
country´s external debt.
外债报告书
会员国致世界银行概述该国外债情况的信。
debt rescheduling; rescheduling of debt; debt
rephasing; rephasing of a debt
重定偿债期限；债务重组
Debt Restructuring Facility - DRF
债务结构调整贷款（简写为DRF）
debt retirement
Paying off a debt.
还债
清偿一笔债务。
debt sales
债务出售
debt service coverag
Ratio of net income after taxes plus interest on
long-term debt plus depreciation to debt service.
债务还本付息率
即税后净收入加长期债务利息加折旧，与债务还
本付息的比率。
debt-service ratio
External public debt-service ratio (i.e. interest and
principal payments) as a percentage of export
earnings from goods, nonfactor services, and
workers´ remittances.
债务清偿率
指对外公共债务（还本付息额）偿还比率，即占
包括货物、非要素服务和输出劳务的汇款等出口
收入的百分比。
debt service requirements
债务清偿条件
debt service schedule
偿债时间表
debt servicing capacity
偿债能力
debt strategy
债务战略
debt to capital ratio
负债资本比率
见debt equity ratio
debt to equity ratio
负债股本比率
见sebt equity ratio
debt workout program [World Bank]
债务解决方案[世界银行]
Debtor Reporting System [World Bank]
债务人报告制度[世界银行]
decapitalize
减低投资资本，非资本化
decision maker
决策人，决策者
decision making body
决策机构
decision-making power
决策权
declining balance method; reducing charge method
In depreciation where the annual charge for
depreciation is the amount obtained (a) by applying
a fixed percentage to the diminishing balance of the
asset account, that is the balance after deducting
preceding depreciation provisions; or (b) by
applying a diminishing rate to the original cost of the
asset.
余额递减法；递减计提法
即在折旧时采取以下方法计算年折旧额：（1）
对资产帐户的递减余额（即扣减历年折旧额后的
余额）使用一个固定的百分比；或（2）对资产
的原始成本使用一个递减比率。
deductible [insurance]
可免除的；可扣减的[保险]
deduction
减除
见tax deduction
deed of trust
信托契约；委托书
deep discount bond, note
Bond with relatively low-coupon rate of interest,
offered with a discount in excess of what can normally
be treated as capital gain by the investor.
按较大折扣发行的债券，大幅折价债券
这类债券通常利率较低，发行时的折扣率超过投
资者一般所认为的资本收益。
deep market
A very active market.
完全的市场
交易非常活跃的市场。
deep sea fishing
深海捕鱼
deep water port
深水港
deepening
深化
见capital deepening; capital deepening investment;
financial deepening
deepening of the industrial structure
工业结构深化
default [ICSID]
违约，拖欠[解决投资争端国际中心]
default on obligations
不履行义务
defensive expenditures
National accounts concept for expenditure to protect
the environment and to combat those undesirable
aspects of economic activity that lead to
environmental decay, resource degradation and
depletion and pollution.
防御性支出
国民帐户中的一个概念，指保护环境和治理经济
活动中导致环境恶化、资源破坏和衰竭及污染等
不利因素的开支。
deferrable participating loan
A loan used by IFC whereby the interest paid is
linked to the profits of the company.
可递延参与贷款
国际金融公司发放的一种贷款，其利息与公司的
利润相挂钩。
deferred charges, expenses
Expenditures carried forward as an asset until they
become relevant (such as an advance rent payment
of insurance premium).
待摊费用，递延费用，转结费用
作为资产向前递延（转结）直至相应开支发生（如
预付的保险金等）。
deferred depreciation
递延折旧，推迟折旧
deferred rate and currency setting
递延利率和货币设定
deferred rate setting - DRS
Method of locking in a spread over a Treasury
benchmark while distributing the rate fixing over
several months. Treasury securities are purchased,
with the pricing benchmark being the issue at the
time the borrowing was launched and the securities
are sold when the borrower wants to fix the Treasury
yield component of the borrowing cost. The issue
spread is locked in at time of issue and the Treasury
yield component of the cost is stripped out. Any
decrease in interest rates after the issue date would
mean the Treasury notes could be sold at a profit
which would reduce the borrowing cost of the issue
to a level reflecting the original issue spread and the
Treasury yield at the time the Treasury notes were
sold. Conversely, any increase in interest rates
would mean a loss on the sale of the Treasury
securities and an increase in the borrowing cost to a
level reflecting the higher Treasury yield.
递延利率确定法，延期利率确定法（简写为DRS）
指锁住国库券基价的利差，以此确定今后几个月
的利率的方法。具体做法是先购买国库券，确定
其在贷款发生时的基价，然后在借款人希望用国
库券收益部分来确定借款成本时，卖出国库券。
发行利差在发行时即已锁定，而国库券收益组成
部分中的成本则被分离出去。发行日之后利率的
任何下降都将意味着国库券可以卖出并获利，也
就是说可能可以把借款成本降低到原发行利差
和国库券销售时的收益水平上。相反，利率的任
何上升都意味着国库券销售的损失，以及贷款成
本提高到较高的国库券收益水平。
亦见anticipatory rate setting
deferred recovery
Recovery of currency used in lending operations
subject to maintenance of value. Recovery is
deferred for any currency outstanding on loan since
June 30, 1987.
延期回收
在贷款业务中为保值而进行的货币回收。1987年
6月30日以来的未偿还贷款使用的任一种货币都
在延期回收之列。
deficiency
缺乏，不足
见vitamin deficiency
deficit country
逆差国
deficit financing
赤字融资
definitive application for guarantee
An application for a MIGA guarantee, to be made
once investment plans are established. It provides
the detailed information with which MIGA will
determine investor, investment and project
eligibility; the details of the investment to be insured
and the types of guarantees desired; the economic
and developmental effects of the project on the host
country and the basis for confirming the economic
viability of the project enterprise.
确定的担保申请
指一旦投资计划确定以后，即向多边投资担保机
构提出的担保申请。该申请向多边投资担保机构
提供详细情况资料，使多边投资担保机构能据以
确定投资者、投资和项目的合格性，申请保险的
投资项目的详情和对担保类型的要求，该项目对
东道国的经济和发展的影响，以及项目企业的经
济可行性的根据。
见notice of registration， preliminary application for
guarantee
deflate, to
缩减通货，紧缩通货
deflation
通货紧缩，通货缩减
deflationary gap
通货紧缩缺口
deflator
An implicit or explicit price index used to
distinguish between those changes in the money
value of gross national product which result from a
change in prices and those which result from a
change in physical output.
减缩指数，扣除通货膨胀指数
一项隐性或显性的价格指数，用于区别物价变动
所造成的国民生产总值的货币价值变化，以及由
于物质产出变化所造成的变化。
亦见commitment deflator; GNP price deflator;
implicit deflator; implicit gross domestic product
deflator
deforestation
砍伐森林
degree of concessionality
优惠程度
degressive scale
递减率
dehusking; husking
去皮，去壳；碾米
delegation of authority
权力下放
delink, to [foreign exchange]
取消挂钩；脱钩[外汇]
delinking [foreign exchange]
取消挂钩；脱钩[外汇]
delinquent taxes
滞纳税款
delivered at frontier - DAF
Applies to goods that the seller must deliver to the
frontier of the country named in the sales contract.
边境交货价（简写为DAF）
用于卖方必须按销售合同在指定的国家边境交
付的货物。
delivered duty paid - DDP
Applies to goods that the seller must deliver to the
buyers´ premises.
完税后交货价（简写为DDP）
这种交货价用于售货方必须在购货方的地址交
货。
delivered energy
输出的能源
delivery (of a contract)
（按合同）交货
delivery of bids
投标，投递标书
见bid submission
delivery system; supply system
交货系统；供应系统
demand deposit
Deposits payable within thirty days.
活期存款
指在30天以内可以提取的存款。
demand management
Influence over the wants of buyers, usually
consumers, e.g. advertising.
需求调节；需求管理
对买方（通常指消费者）的需求施加影响，例如
做广告。
demand money
短期款
见call money
demand note
即期票据
demand pull factors
Factors that attract migrants into another country.
需求拉动因素，吸引因素
指吸引移民到另一个国家去的因素。
demand pull inflation
A rise in prices brought about by consumers and
investors with rising incomes as they compete for a
relatively limited supply of valuable goods.
需求拉动型通货膨胀
由于消费者和投资者收入的增加，使他们竞相购
买供应量相对有限的贵重物品，从而带动价格上
涨。
demand shift
需求变动
dematerialization of manufactures
The phenomenon whereby the service content of
manufactured goods is increasing.
制成品物质成分减少
指在制造品中劳务的内容不断增加的现象。
demerit goods
A merit good in which the merit is negative, e.g.
alcohol consumption.
无益货物
一种具有反面意义的有益货物，例如酒精类消费
品。
demographic transition; transition*
人口结构转型
demonstration activity
示范活动
demonstration effect
示范效应
demonstration plot
示范田
demonstration school; laboratory school; model
school; practice school
A school attached to a teacher-training
establishment in order to allow students to observe
experienced teachers at work and to undertake
teaching practice themselves.
示范学校；实验学校； 模范学校；实习学校
师范院校附属学校，其目的是让学生观察有经验
的教师的工作，并进行教学实习。
demurrage
The money payable to the owner for the delay for
which the owner is not responsible in loading and/or
discharging after the laytime has expired.
滞期费
由非业主责任所造成的装卸货时间超过规定的
期限而应付给业主的钱。
dendrothermal power plant
以木材为燃料的发电厂
denominated in (dollars, etc.)
（用美元等）标价、计价
departmental forces
部门劳力
见force account
departmentalization [education]
分科制[教育]
dependency allowance
抚养津贴，家属津贴
dependency ratio
Proportion of children and old people in a
population in comparison with everyone else.
抚养率
指在总人口中，儿童和老人与其他人口的比率。
dependent
家属
depletion allowance, reserve
An allowance for exhaustion of a natural resource.
耗竭限度，藏量
指一项自然资源可耗竭的限度。
deposit
储量，存款
见geothermal deposit
deposit liabilities
存款负债额
depositor rate of interest; borrowing rate [banks]
The rate of interest paid by banks on deposits.
存款利率；借款利率[银行]
银行对存款支付的利率
depository bank
A bank that is designated and authorized to accept
deposits of funds belonging to the federal
government or other government bodies, or funds
from other banks which the latter are required by law
to maintain as reserve against deposits.
受托银行，存款银行
被指定和授权的银行，该银行接受联邦政府或其
它政府机构的储蓄资金，或法律要求其它银行作
为储蓄准备金的资金。
depreciation
折旧
见accelerated depreciation; accumulated
depreciation; allowance for depreciation; defeered
depreciation; straight-line depreciation
depreciation allowance
折旧被抵
见reserve for depreciation
depreciation on a straight line; straight line
depreciation
直线折旧法
depressed industry
萧条工业
Deputy [Dev. Comm.; IDA]
代表[国际开发协会；发展委员会]
Deputy Secretary General [ICSID]
副秘书长[解决投资争端国际中心]
deregulate
取消管制
derivative instruments
A contract whose value changes as prices move in a
related or underlying commodity or financial
instrument. The term covers standard futures and
options, as well as over-the-counter swaps, options
and similar instruments.
衍生金融工具
一种合同，其价值随着有关或特定商品或金融工
具的价格变动而变化。这一名词包括标准期货和
期权，以及场外掉期、选择权和其它类似的金融
工具。
design
设计，图案，图样
design capacity
设计能力
design engineering
设计工程
design speed
The highest continuous safe vehicular speed as
governed by the design features of a highway.
设计速度
由一条公路设计特点所决定的最高连续安全行
车车速。
design standards
设计标准
designated forest
Forest legally set aside for preservation or
production.
指定森林
法定作为保留或生产的森林。
Designating Authority (of Panel Members) [ICSID]
（小组委员会委员的）指定权利[解决投资争端
国际中心]
designer
设计师；设计人
desk officer
国别业务负责人
desk study
案头研究
desktop publishing
案头出版
despatch money; dispatch money
The money payable by the owner if the ship
completes loading or discharging before the laytime
has expired.
速谴费
船舶预定装卸货时间内完成装卸时，货主应付的
奖金。
destination taxes
目的地税
detailed design, engineering
详细设计
deterrent
阻挠力量；阻挠因素；威慑力量
developing island country
发展中岛国
development
发展，开发
亦见area development; engineering development;
Evaluation Capability Development Program; land
development; letter of development policy;
management development; manpower development;
site development; skills development; staff
development; whole farm development; World
Development Indicators
development area
开发区
development bank
开发银行
development bond
开发债券
Development Committee*
发展委员会
development credit agreement [IDA]
开发信贷协议[国际开发协会]
development drilling
Drilling in a known producing field as opposed to
exploratory drilling.
开发性钻探
在已知的生产性油田进行的钻探。区别于勘测性
的钻探。
development finance company - DFC
开发金融公司（简写为DFC）
development finance institution - DFI
发展金融机构（简写为DFI）
development period (of a project, of a company)
（一个项目，一个公司的）开发期
development planner
开发计划人员；发展规划的制定者
development planning
开发计划，发展规划
deworm
祛除寄生虫
diagnostically related groups - DRG
Groups of related ailments for which identical fee
schedules can be prepared.
征侯类同群体（简写为DRG）
疾病类型相关、可以编制相同的医疗费用表的群
体。
diesel fuel; diesel oil
柴油
diesel (fired) power plant
柴油发电厂
dietary energy supply - DES
Kilocalories per capita per day of food consumption.
A standard measure of food intake.
食物能量供应（简写为DES）
每人每日食物消费的卡路里，是衡量食物摄入的
标准尺度。
dilution
搀水
见stock dilution
diminishing returns
收益递减
见law of diminishing returns
dip [stockbreeding]
药浴[畜牧业]
dipping tank
药浴池
direct contracting [procurement]
Award of a contract without using competition.
直接签订合同[采购]
不经招标而直接签订合同。
direct costing
The process of assigning costs as they are incurred to
products and services.
直接成本计算
根据在生产和服务中发生的成本费用确定成本
的过程。
direct labour
直接用工
见force account
directed credit
定向信贷
directed economy
指令性经济
见command economy
direction of lending
贷款方向
directly unproductive profit seeking (DUP)
activities
直接谋求非生产性利润的活动（简写为DUP）
direct overhead budget
In the World Bank, a budget for those overhead
expenses controlled by the manager. Include office
equipment, direct communications, equipment
depreciation, field office costs, supplies and
materials.
直接管理的间接费用预算
指在世界银行内直接由经理控制的那部分间接
费用的预算，包括办公设备、直接通讯、设备折
旧、驻外办事处费用、办公用品等。
direct shopping [procurement]
Procurement based on direct comparison of price
quotations. No bidding documents are used.
直接询价采购[采购]
在对报价直接比较的基础上进行的采购。不采用
招标文件。
direct workd
直接用工工程
见force account
dirty bill of lading
不洁提单
见claused bill of lading
disadvantaged group
贫困阶层，境遇差的阶层，处于不利地位的群体
disbursement deflator
Coefficient used to convert disbursement amounts
into constant dollars.
支付缩减系数
用来把支付额换算成不变美元的系数。
disbursement letter
支付信
disbursement officer
支付官员
disclaimer
放弃权利声明，不表示意见
disclosure of information
信息披露
discontinuance [ICSID]
中断诉讼[解决投资争端国际中心]
discount
折扣；贴现；贴息；贴水
discount, to [finance]
贴现[金融]
discount bond
Bond selling at a price less than its par value.
还本时付息债券，按票面值付息债券
以低于票面价值的价格发行的债券。
discount factor
How much 1 at a future date is worth today.
折现因数，贴现折扣
即未来的“1”在今天的价值是多少。
discount note
Note (i.e. short- or medium-term bond) issued at a
discount from its face value. On maturity, the
investor receives the full face value. The discount
from par, thus, corresponds to the return on the
investment.
贴现票据
指按面值折扣发行的票据（即短期或中期的债
券）。票据到期时投资者可取得全额面值。因此，
面值的贴现值相当于投资收益。
discount rate [central bank]
Rate at which a central bank (Federal Reserve
System in the U.S.) (re)discounts certain bills for
financial institutions.
贴现率[中央银行]
中央银行（在美国为联邦储备银行）对金融机构
某些票据进行（再）贴现的贴现率。
discount rate [project appraisal; securities]
Annualized rate of discount applied to debt
securities issued below par (e.g. U.S. Treasury bills).
贴现率[项目评估]
指低于面值发行的债券（如美国国库券）所用的
年折扣率。
亦见shadow discount rate; social rate of discount
discount window [central bank]
贴现窗口[中央银行]
discounted cash flow (DCF) method
A type of analysis based on discounting cash flows
to the present by a given discount rate. It allows an
analyst to take into account the fact that a dollar of
benefit received a year from today is not as valuable
as a dollar of cost incurred today, for example,
because if the cost had not been incurred, the dollar
could have been invested, and in a year´s time at an
interest rate of, say, 10%, the capital would have
grown to $1.10. Because projects vary widely in the
pattern of their costs and benefits over time, DCF is
necessary to place them on a common present value
basis for comparison.
现金流量贴现法（简写为DCF）
一种根据给定的贴现率将现金流量折成现值的
分析方法。它使分析人员能够认识到一年以后收
到的一美元的效益没有今天花费的一美元成本
那么值钱。因为假如该成本没有被花费掉，该美
元可以进行投资，按10%的利率计算，一年后这
笔资本将变成1.10美元。由于项目在一段时间内
成本或效益的结构变动很大，需要用DCF方法，
把它们放在统一的现值基础上进行比较。
discretionary expense budget
In the World Bank, a budget for those expenses
directly controlled by the manager. Include salaries,
temporary staff costs, overtime, operational travel,
representation, hospitality, consultants, contractual
services, internal computing and language services.
可支配费用的预算
指在世界银行里由经理直接控制的那些费用的
预算，包括工资、临时职员费用、加班费、业务
差旅费、宴请费、招待费、咨询专家费、服务合
同、内部计算和语言翻译服务等费用。
discretionary income
Income available after payment of necessaries such
as housing, taxation, etc.
可支配收入
指付清住房、税款等必要支出之后余下的那部分
收入。
discretionary liquidity
The amount of liquidity held by the Bank above the
minimum prescribed.
可支配流动资金
指世界银行持有的、超过最低限额的那部分流动
资金。
discretionary spending
机动开支，可支配开支
discussion paper
供讨论使用的文件，讨论文件
disease
疾病
见pest and disease control; vectorborne disease;
water-based disease; waterborne disease;
water-washed disease
diseconomies
Occurs when, as a firm grows larger, management
becomes less efficient, raw material costs rise
because local supplies are exhausted or for similar
reasons.
不经济，成本费用增加
指随着企业发展而产生的管理效率的降低，以及
由于当地供应耗竭或其他类似原因而带来的原
材料成本上升。
disestablish, to
停止活动，清理
disguised unemployment; concealed, covert, hidden
unemployment
隐性失业；变相失业；潜在失业
dishoarding
Returning an item to either the real flow or the
money flow so that it can be circulated, consumed or
otherwise used in its intended function.
减少持有量；（货币）出笼
把一个物品回放于实物流通或货币流通之中，使
其能够流通、被消费或发挥其应有的作用。
disincentive
消极刺激，反激励
disinflation
通货收缩，反通货膨胀
disinflationary
通货收缩的
disintermediation
1. Shift of funds away from financial inter-
mediaries (commercial banks, etc.) into Treasury
bills and other securities.
2. Shift by large corporations away from banks to
a parallel market, involving other large corporations.
金融中介作用减弱
1、把资金从金融中介机构（商业银行等）转移
到国库券和其他证券方面去；
2、一些大公司把资金从银行转移到和其他一些
大公司有关的平行市场上去。
disinvestment
资本投资减损，投资减少，反投资
dislocated worker
离岗工人，下岗工人
dispatch money
速遣费
见despatch money
disposable income
可支配收入
disposal
处理
见waste disposal
dispose (of) for value, to
保值处理
disqualification [ICSID]
不合格；取消资格[解决投资争端国际中心]
dissaver
提取储蓄存款者，超支者
dissaving
提取储蓄存款，动用原有储蓄，超支
distance learning, teaching
Teaching by remote media such as radio or
television.
远程学习、教学
通过广播或电视等远距离媒体教学。
distress borrowing
Borrowing in a situation of extreme need when there
is no other alternative.
急用借款
指由于极端需要，在别无选择的情况下进行的借
款。
distressed loan
Loan on which repayment of interest and principal
has been severely delayed or completely suspended.
还本付息有困难的贷款
指还本付息严重拖延或完全停止的贷款。
distress price
急售价格，廉价
distress sale, selling
廉价抛售，出售查封的货物
distributional weight
分配权数
disutility
反效用，负效用
ditch rider; waterman
Person responsible for supervising an irrigation
area.
灌区管理员
负责监管灌区的人员。
diversion dam
A barrier across a stream built to turn all or some of
the water into a diversion.
分洪坝
河流上建造的一个拦截物，使全部或部分河水改
变流向。
divestiture; divestment
Disposition of an asset or investment by outright
sale, employee purchase, liquidation, etc.
售让资产；处置资产
通过直接出售、员工认购、清算等方式处置一项
资产或投资。
divestment
售让
见divestiture
dividend
股利，红利
见stock dividend
dockage; wharfage; wharfage charges
码头费；船坞费
documentary credit
An arrangement where a bank, on behalf of a
customer, makes payment to a third party or
authorizes such a payment to be made.
跟单信用证，押汇信用证
一种由银行代表一个客户向第三者付款或授权
付款的安排。
documentary evidence
证明文件，书面证明；单据
dollar budgeting
Budget planning based on actual cash outlays for the
budget, rather than for a fixed amount of items, with
allowances for cost increases
美元预算
按预算的实际现金支出而不是按固定的实物类
目所作的预算，其中留出成本增加的余地。
dollar gap
When the inflow of dollars into the US is high,
causing a shortage of dollars on the international
market.
美元差额；美元缺口
由于大量的美元流回美国所造成的国际市场美
元的短缺。
dollarization
美元化
domestic asset formation; domestic capital
formation
Gross fixed capital formation plus increase in
stocks.
国内资产形成；国内资本形成
指固定资本形成总值加库存的增加量。
domestic content
国产成分
domestic currency
本币
domestic economy
本国经济
domestic finance studies
国内金融研究
domestic preference; preference margin;
preferential margin; margin of preference
[procurement]
Preference given to certain goods and services of
domestic origin in a bidding procedure.
国内优先；优先幅度[采购]
在招标程中对国内生产的某些货物和劳务给予
优先考虑。
domestic resource cost - DRC
Cost of resources used in products that are not
imported.
国内资源成本（简写为DRC）
在产品中使用的非进口资源的成本。
domestic resource cost ratio
domestic resource cost coefficient - DRCC
国内资源成本比率，国内资源成本系数（简写为
DRCC）
domestic savings
国内储蓄
domestic value added
The value added to a product by local or domestic
activities.
国内附加值
指本地或国内的活动为产品带来的增加的价值。
donor country
捐助国，捐款国
dose response relationships
The direct relationship between a specific amount of
environmental pollution and its environmental
impact. This is the easiest way to cost the effects of
pollution but is not always feasible.
投配-反应关系
指一定剂量的环境污染物与其对环境影响的直
接关系。这是测算污染效应的最简易的方法，但
并非总是可行的。
double cropping; sequential cropping
Planting one crop after harvesting another.
两熟耕作法；连续耕作法
在收获一种作物之后再种植另一种作物的耕作
方法。
double-day phenomenon
Phenomenon of women being wage-earners and
responsible for children and household tasks.
双日现象，妇女的双重负担
指妇女既要上班挣钱又要负责照看子女和从事
家务劳动的现象。
double digit inflation; two digit inflation
两位数通货膨胀
double entry accounting
An accounting system in which every transaction
results in corresponding debit and credit entries in
the system. All credits equal all debits at all times.
复式会计，复式簿记
一种会计制度，其中每笔交易都分别记入相应的
借方和贷方，无论在任何时候，贷方总额总是与
借方总额相等。
double factorial terms of trade
Terms of trade where changes in productivity in both
trading partner countries are taken into account in
order to estimate the division of the real gains from
trade. They therefore vary proportionately with the
net barter terms of trade and with productivity in the
export sector but inversely with productivity
embodied in imports.
双要素贸易条件，双因素贸易条件
这种贸易条件根据贸易伙伴国家双方生产率的
变化来估计各方从贸易中分享的实际收益。因
此，它们的变化同净易货贸易条件和出口部门的
生产率成正比，而同进口所包含的生产率成反
比。
double shift teaching system
System where, normally because of overcrowding,
one group of pupils is taught in the morning, the
other in the afternoon.
二部制教学体制
采取这种教学制度常常是因为校舍过于拥挤，一
组学生在上午上课，另一组学生在下午上课。
double taxation
A term widely used to describe double taxation of
corporate earnings, once through corporate income
tax and again through taxation of corporate
dividends paid out of after-tax earnings. Also used to
describe taxation paid on income first in one country
and then another.
双重征税
这一名词被广泛用来描述对公司收益的双重征
税：一次是通过对公司所得征税；再一次是通过
对公司税后收益中支付的公司红利征税。本名词
也用于描述第一次在一个国家交纳所得税，然后
在另一国家再付一次所得税。
double weighted borrowing cost [IBRD]
When calculating borrowings, the IBRD takes the
amount of the loan, multiplies it by the interest rate,
and obtains a total for the interest. All the loans and
all the interest totals are added. The first sum is then
divided by the second to obtain the weighted
average interest. This is the single-weighted borrowing
cost. Recently, the IBRD has obtained the
interest total by multiplying the amount of the loan
by the interest and the number of years to maturity,
to take into account the fact that it has loans of
varying maturities. The weighted averaged interest
obtained from this calculation is called the
double-weighted borrowing cost.
双重加权借款费用[国际复兴开发银行]
国际复兴开发银行在计算借款费用时，用贷款额
乘以利率得出利息总额，再把总贷款额加上总利
息额，然后用第一笔总额除以第二笔总额，得出
加权平均利息，即单一加权借款成本。最近国际
复兴开发银行改为用贷款金额乘以利率和到期
年限（考虑到贷款有不同的到期日）的方法来求
得利息总额。以这种方法求得的利息总额即为双
重加权借款成本。
doubtful debt
可疑债务
down payment (on the budget deficit)
（为预算赤字所做）首期付款
down time
停工期；停机时间
downgrade, to (a loan)
（对某一贷款）降级
downloading
下载
downsize, to
缩小，裁减
downstream effect, benefit
下游效应，下游收益
downstream innovations
下游革新
downstream plant, facilities
后处理厂、设施
downswing
下降
downturn (economic)
下降（经济）
downward trend
下降趋向；下降趋势
drainage system
排水系统
见storm water drainage system
draw, to (funds)
提取（资金）
drawback [customs]
An amount of money which is collected as a customs
duty on imported goods and then refunded when the
goods are reshipped as exports.
退税（海关）
在货物进口时作为关税征收的费款，在货物作为
出口再次运出时退还。
drawdown
提款；提取信贷
drawdown of equity
提用股本
dressing
铺设，修饰
见basal dressing; surface dressing; top dressing;
window dressing
dressing section, hall [slaughtering]
Area where excess fat and bone is removed from a
meat carcass.
分割车间[屠宰]
从屠宰后的畜体上剔除肥肉和骨头的车间。
dribble irrigation
滴灌
见drip irrigation
drift fishing
漂移捕渔
drill core
钻探岩心
drilling
钻探
drilling rig, platform
钻井井架，钻井平台
见oil (drilling) rig
drip irrigation; dribble irrigation; trickle irrigation
The application of water to the soil through small
orifices in plastic pipelines.
滴灌
通过塑料管道的小孔对土壤进行浇灌。
droppage [IFC]
When a borrower from IFC decides to cancel a loan
before signature.
取消借款（国际金融公司）
国际金融公司的借款者在协议签字前决定取消
借款。
drop out [education]
退学[教育]
dropout rate [education]
退学率[教育]
drought stress
Stress on a plant due to lack of water.
干旱损害
指作物由于缺水而受到的损害。
drug
药品
见brand name drug; generic drug
dry farming; dryland farming
A system of producing crops in arid and semiarid
regions without the use of irrigation. Frequently
alternate years of fallow and cropping are practiced.
旱地耕作法
指一种在干旱或半干旱土地上不使用灌溉方法
生产作物的耕作制度。常常采用一年休耕、一年
种植的方法。
dryland(s) farming
旱地耕作法
见dry farming
dryland(s) management
The management of arid and semi-arid areas.
旱地管理
指对干旱和半干旱地区的管理。
dry process [cement manufacture]
Method of manufacturing cement whereby no water
is used in the process.
干法[水泥制造]
指水泥制造过程中不使用水的生产方法。
参见wet process。
dual executive director
Executive director of both the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund.
兼任执行董事
同时担任世界银行和国际货币基金组织的执行
董事。
dual purpose cattle
Cattle used both for beef and milk.
肉奶两用牛
指既用于产肉又用于产奶的牛。
dummy variable
A constructed variable used as a means of including
factors that are not naturally quantifiable in an
econometric model. It may assume two and only two
values (usually 1 and 0) used to represent the
presence of a factor and its opposite or absence.
虚变量
一个虚构的变量，用来包括在经济模型中不能自
然量化的因素。它可以假定两个（而且也仅限于
两个）值（通常是1和0），用来代表某因素及其
对立因素的存在或不存在。
dumping
倾销
dung cake
压实的牛粪肥
durable goods; durables
Any consumer good which has a significant life and
which is not therefore immediately consumed.
耐用品，耐用消费品
任何具有相当长的使用寿命，因而不是立即消费
掉的消费品。
dust collector
尘埃收集器
见precipitator
dust separator
尘埃分离器
见precipitator
dutiable
应征关税的
duty free
免关税的
duty station
工作地点
dwelling core
The basic shell of a building often constructed to
allow family or self-help groups to have basic
housing and add additional features themselves.
最基本住房
指只有基本外壳的建筑，常常是为低收入家庭或
自助组织建造的基本住房，附加的设施由他们自
己安装。
dynamic life index [commodities]
Index in years of a commodity, assuming a specified
growth in rate of production.
多年动态指数[商品]
指在假定一种商品的特定生产增长率条件下得
出的多年指数。