- B -
"B" loan
Loan made by the World Bank involving
cofinancing.
"B"类贷款
世界银行发放的涉及到联合融资的贷款。
back value
Value of oil or gas taking the price paid downstream
for the product less the transportation and other costs
incurred between the wellhead and the downstream
place of sale.
回算值；倒求值
即扣除运费及其他发生于油井和销售地之间的
费用后，成品油或气的价值。
background [education]
学历[教育]
background noise
背景噪音
background paper
背景文件、背景材料
backhaul traffic
Goods carried on a return journey.
回运
货物的回程运输。
backstopping
Provision of technical support.
技术援助
提供技术援助。
back-to-back credit
背对背信用证
back-to-office report - BTO
出差情况汇报（简写为BTO）
backup (underwriting) facility
后备（保险）项目
backup (underwriting) facility fee
后备（保险）项目费用
backward-forward integration, linkage
The "push" (i.e. the extent of demand which a
development project generates for the output of all
the production sectors of the economy) and "pull"
(i.e. the extent of demand generated for the output of
a project by an overall expansion of the production
sectors of the economy).
前后向一体化，前后向联系
"推动"（即由一个发展项目所造成的对一国经
济所有生产部门产出需求的扩大）和"拉动"（即
一国经济各生产部门的全面扩张所造成的对一
个项目产出需求的扩大）。
backward integration, linkage
The extent of demand which a development project
generates for the output of all the production sectors
of the economy, i.e. the push exercised on the
economy by a development project or group of
them.
后向一体化，后向联系
由一个发展项目造成的对一国经济所有生产部
门的产出需求的扩大。如，由一个或一批发展项
目对经济所起的推动作用。
bad debt
坏账，呆账
badly performing loan
Loan with poor prospects for future gains and a low
rate of return.
履行不佳的贷款，不良贷款
指一项未来收益前景不好、回报率低的贷款。
bag filter; baghouse filter
Fabric filter used in industrial operations to recover
valuable matter as well as to control atmospheric
pollution at the source.
过滤袋
用纺织纤维做的过滤口袋，用于在工业生产中回
收有价值的物质，对大气污染的源头进行控制。
bail out, to
挽救、拯救
bailout loan
Loan made to borrower whose ability to service
outstanding indebtedness has become doubtful.
拯救性贷款
即贷给偿债能力已出现问题的借款人的贷款。
balance, to (an account)
轧平（帐户），平衡（帐目）
balance carried forward
结转余额
balance of payments
国际贸易差额
见current balance of payments
balance of payments position
国际收支状况
balance-of-system costs
Cost of auxiliary hardware and installation of
electrical systems.
系统配套费用
电力系统辅助设备和安装的费用
balance of trade
国际贸易平衡
见trade balance
balance sheet
资产负债表
see consolidated balance sheet
balances [cash]
余额[现金]
balances held on a covered basis
有变现资产作后备的余额（？）
balancing equipment
Extra equipment (usually small-size) needed to
complete a project.
辅助设备
完成一个项目所需要的额外设备（通常指小型设
备）。
balancing item, entry
An entry having the effect of balancing an account.
平衡条目，平衡账项
能对帐面起到平衡作用的帐项。
balancing subsidy
A subsidy given by the central government to help
balance the budget of a local authority.
平衡补贴
中央政府为帮助地方政府平衡预算而给予的补
贴。
balloon loan
A loan repayment scheme, under which the last
repayment is larger than the previous repayments. In
some cases, the term is used to refer to a scheme,
under which the whole loan is repaid at maturity.
一次偿付的金额最后最大的贷款
一种贷款偿付方案，即最后一次偿付的金额大于
前几次的偿付金额。某些情况下，亦指在贷款到
期时一次还清的方案。
balloon payment
最后一笔为最大的分期付款
ballpark figure
大约数字
bank acceptance, bill; banker´s acceptance
A bill of exchange which has been accepted by a
banker.
银行承兑；银行承兑汇票
已被银行接受的票据。
bank examiner
银行总监
bank exposure
The total of all investments made by a bank.
银行放款总额
一个银行的投资总额。
"Bank first" principle
Principle according to which the resources of the
Bank are drawn down first. Used, for example, in
reference to allocation of IBRD funds to IDA where
the funds made available by the Bank are used
before other funds.
"世界银行第一"原则
首先使用世界银行资金的原则。例如，国际复兴
开发银行向国际开发协会转拨资金时，采用的原
则是首先使用世界银行的资金，然后才使用其他
来源的资金。
"Bank last" principle
Principle whereby the funds of the Bank are used
last. Used, for example, in reference to allocation of
IBRD funds to IDA where these funds are drawn
down only after all other sources of funds have been
used.
"世界银行最后"原则
最后使用世界银行资金的原则。如国际复兴开发
银行向国际开发协会拨转的资金，国际开发协会
只能在其他来源的资金用尽之后，才能使用这些
资金。
bank money
Money on deposit at a bank.
银行存款
存在银行的货币。
bank of issue; issuing bank
发行银行
bank performance
银行业绩
见performance
bank rate [UK]
中央银行贴现率[英国]
banker´s acceptance; bank acceptance, bill
银行承兑票据；银行承兑汇票
banker´s markup; banker´s spread; gross margin;
gross earnings margin [banks]
银行利差；银行毛利[银行]
bankable assurances
银行可承兑的保险、保证
bankable project
银行可担保的项目
bar chart
柱形或条形统计图表
barefoot doctor
赤脚医生
barrels of oil equivalent - boe
The energy equivalent to a barrel of crude oil, i.e.
5.8 million btus.
石油桶数等值（简写为boe）
相当于一桶原油的能源值，即580万英热单位。
barrels per day of oil equivalent - bdoe
每日石油桶数等值（简写为bdoe）
barriers
壁垒
见tariff barriers
barter terms of trade
The relationship between the prices of exports and
prices of imports in terms of the value of goods. Net
barter terms of trade (also known as commodity
terms of trade) is the quotient between an index of
export prices and an index of import prices. Gross
barter terms of trade is the quantity of imports
divided by the quantity of exports. When weighted
by the volume of exports the net barter terms of trade
are called income terms of trade.
易货贸易条件
根据货物的价值确定的出口货物价格与进口货
物价格之间的关系。出口价格指数与进口价格指
数的商为净易货贸易条件（也称商品贸易条件）。
进口总额除以出口总额为总易货贸易条件。纯易
货贸易条件以出口额加权后，称之为收入贸易条
件。
bartered exports
易货出口
basal dressing; bottom dressing
施底肥
base; road base [highways]
The part of the road structure below the base course
and above the sub-base.
路床[公路]
基层之下底基之上的道路结构部分。
base convention
基本协议
见establishment convention
base costs; baseline costs
基本成本；基线成本
base course [highways]
The part of a road structure below the wearing
course and above the road base.
基层[公路]
路面层之下路基之上的道路结构部分。
base (lending) program [IBRD]
The lending program of projects that will definitely
be ready for the fiscal year in question.
基本（贷款）规划[国际复兴开发银行]
在某一财政年度内，肯定可以准备好的项目贷款
的规划。
base load [electricity]
The minimum load over a given period of time.
基底负荷[电力]
在一定时期内的最小负荷。
base load station [electricity]
A power station where generation is held constant.
基底负荷电站[电力]
发电量恒定的电站。
base year
基准年，基年
baseline costs; base costs
基线成本；基本成本
baseline data
基线数据
baseline survey
A preliminary survey.
基线调查
指初步调查。
basic account [balance of payments]
基本帐户[国际收支]
basic education
基础教育
basic health care
基本卫生保健
basic research
基础研究
basic skills
基本技能
basic subjects
基本科目
见core subjects
basin irrigation; level border irrigation
Irrigation by division of the field into small units so
that each has a nearly level surface. Levees are
constructed around the areas forming the basins,
within which the irrigation water can be controlled.
畦地漫灌
灌溉时，把土地分成小块，使每块地表接近水平，
并在四周建立围堤，形成小盆地，以便控制灌溉
用水。
basis point
0.01 percent of yield (e.g. of a security).
基点
（例如证券）收益的百分之0.01。
basket extractor, exit mechanism [GATT]
GATT mechanism that triggers new quotas in the
textile field semiautomatically within existing
restraint agreements.
"出篮子"机制，退出机制[关贸协定]
关贸总协定的一种机制，它可以在纺织领域现有
的限制协定内，半自动地启动新的配额。
basket unit
多种货币单位，复合货币单位
basket unit of account
A unit of account linked to a basket of currencies.
多种货币记帐单位，货币篮子记帐单位
与货币篮子相关的记帐单位。
bear market
A prolonged period of falling prices.
熊市，空头市场
长期跌价期间的证券市场。
bearer bond
无记名债券
"before-and-after" test
An analysis of a country or region before and after
the completion of a project.
"事前事后"试验
指在一个项目完成之前和完成之后，对一个国家
或地区所作的分析。
beggar-my-neighbor policy
Protectionism, usually with the intention of
improving domestic employment but without
concern that any such gain in employment in one
nation must cause an opposite change in
employment in the trading partner.
"以邻为壑"政策
一种保护主义政策，通常指为改善本国就业状况
而不顾一国就业的增加必然造成其贸易伙伴就
业的减少。
behest project
指令性项目
bellwether (of economic trends)
（经济趋势的）前导
below the line (item)
An out-of-the-ordinary revenue or expense item or a
nonrecurrent item requiring a separate entry in a
balance sheet. Compares to above the line item.
线下（条目）
一项需要在资产负债表中单独列出的非常规收
入或支出帐目，或非经常性帐目。相对于线上条
目而言。
benchmark crude; marker crude [oil]
Saudi Arabian (gravity API 34 degrees) light crude
oil employed as the standard on which OPEC price
changes have been based.
基准原油[石油]
指沙特阿拉伯轻原油（美国石油协会比重34度），
是石油输出国组织据以调整价格的标准。
benchmark jobs
基准工作，基准职位
benchmark portfolio
An assessment of the most efficient passive portfolio
strategy the Bank could adopt for each major
currency if it decided to abandon its active trading
strategy while keeping an average portfolio duration
of 12 months.
基准证券投资组合
指世界银行投资组合战略的一种评价方式，用于
当世界银行决定放弃主动交易战略并保持投资
组合平均12个月的期限时，确定对每种主要货币
可以采取的效率最高的消极投资组合战略。
benchmark price; marker price [oil]
The reference price used by OPEC for oil price
changes, based on the price of Saudi Arabian light
crude oil.
基准价格[石油]
石油输出国组织在改变石油价格时所使用的参
数价格，其基础是沙特阿拉伯轻原油价格。
benchmark provisioning rate
The standard percentage of outstanding principal
balance of non-accrual loans set aside for
provisioning.
基准准备金比率
即积欠本金余额在非应计贷款中的标准比例，用
于确定预留准备金。
benchmark spread
Standard spread in IFC loans which is added to
six-month LIBOR to determine the IFC loan rate. It
is based on risk level and is closely aligned with the
market, where available, for the risk and maturity in
question and will, in general, reflect risk factors
related to the particular investment and any special
characteristics of the loan.
基准利差
指国际金融公司贷款的标准利差。该利差加上6
个月伦敦银行同业拆放利率，用以确定国际金融
公司贷款利率。它是与风险程度，市场风险和到
期日密切相关的。总的来说，它反映与具体投资
相关的风险要素和贷款特征。
beneficial interest
Profit, benefit or advantage resulting from a contract
for the ownership of an estate as distinct from the
legal ownership or control.
受益股权益
即从一项资产所有权合同中取得的利润、利益或
好处，区别于法定所有权或控制权。
beneficial owner
A person who does not have title to property but has
rights in the property which are the normal incidents
of owning the property. Cf. record owner.
受益所有人
指对财产没有所有权但拥有权利的人，这是财产
归属方面的正常现象。参见record owner
beneficiary assessment
受益人评估
beneficiation [minerals]
Improvement of the grade of ore by milling,
flotation, sintering, gravity concentration or other
processes.
提炼[矿物]
以碾磨、浮选、烧结、重力精选或其他加工方式，
提高矿砂的等级。
benefit-cost ratio [US]; cost-benefit ratio [UK]
效益成本比率[ 美国]；成本效益比率[ 英国]
benefit stream
A succession of benefits over several years.
连续效益
指在若干年内连续取得效益。
benefit taxes [IBRD]
A recovery of costs and benefits in a project,
considered necessary beyond those through
efficiency pricing, if any, or existing general taxes.
收益税[ 国际复兴开发银行]
一个项目中，通过按照效率定价或按现行一般税
收水平确定收入之后，认为有必要回收的成本和
收益。
benefits [social security]
收益[社会保障]
berth
泊位
见multipurpose berth
berthing capacity
泊位容量
berth throughput
The handling of ships in a port.
泊位吞吐量，泊位通过能力
一个港口处理船只的能力。
best available technology - BAT; best practicable
means - BPM
In the US, in environmental control, used to refer to
environmental control standards which are at least as
stringent as the uniform national technology
standards but taking into account cost-effectiveness.
In other countries, e.g. UK, New Zealand, Norway,
the requirements may be more or less stringent than
national standards and are legislated for individually
by group of facilities or hazards (e.g. large
combustion plants). BAT is the US term, BPM the
UK term.
最佳可用技术（简写为BAT）；最佳可用手段（简
写为BPM）
在美国，指环境控制中的一种标准，它的严格程
度至少要和统一的国家技术标准相一致，并考虑
到成本效益因素。在其他国家，如英国、新西兰、
挪威，此类要求的严格程度与国家标准多少有些
不同。它们对工厂和公害的类别单独立法（如一
些释放废气的大工厂）。BAT为美国术语；BPM
为英国术语。
"best effort" project [IBRD]
A regular Bank project where "best efforts" are used
to involve women.
"尽其所能"项目[国际复兴开发银行]
指把妇女最大努力包括进去的普通世界银行项
目。
"best efforts" sale
A new issue which is not underwritten and not
purchased as a whole from the issuer, but is sold by
securities dealers on a "sell what can be sold" basis.
Used in the U.S. securities and syndicated
Eurocredit markets.
"尽力销售"，"尽量代销"
在发行新的证券时，不使用包销，也不采取批发
方式，而是由证券商按"销多少算多少"的原则
销售。用于美国证券和欧洲信贷辛迪加市场。
best practicable means - BPM 最佳实践方法（简写
为BPM）
见best available technologe - BAT
best practice
最佳方法
betterment levy, tax
A tax on betterment (i.e. an expenditure to extend
the useful life of an existing fixed asset).
改良税
一种为改良行为（如一项为延长现有固定资产有
效寿命的支出）征课的税。
beverage crop
饮料作物
bias [economy; statistics]
偏向，倾向性[经济；统计]
bid
投标，招标
亦见alternative bid; examination of bids; invitation
to bid; lowest evaluated bid; model bid documents;
takeover bid; unsuccessful bid
bid bond, garantee, security
Financial or other security supplied by a bidder
when the bid is submitted which guarantees that he
will not withdraw his bid during the period of bid
validity specified on the bid form, will execute the
contract form, if required, and will supply
performance security. If he fails to do any of these
the security is forfeit. The security is refundable if
the bid is unsuccessful.
投标保证金，押标金
投标人在投标时提供的财务或其他担保，保证不
会在标书确定的投标有效期内撤标；如需要，他
将编制合同书，并提供履约保证金。假如他不履
行其中的任何一项，保证金将被没收。如果落标，
保证金将退还。
bid documents
招标文件
见model bid documents
bid form
A document submitted by the bidder for a contract
which offers to supply and deliver the goods and/or
services which are the subject of the bid, in
accordance with the conditions of contract and
specifications. In the document the bidder
undertakes to commence delivery within a specified
amount of days and obtain a performance security.
标书，投标表格
指投标人为取得合同而提出的一份文件。该文件
提出投标人将根据合同条件和规格供应和提交
作为招标内容的货物和（或）劳务。在文件中投
标人承担在规定的日期内开始交货，并获得履约
保证金。
bid guarantee
投标保证金
见bid bond
bid opening
Examination of all bids submitted for a contract.
The Bank requires this to be done in public, i.e. in
the presence of those bidders or their representatives
who choose to attend.
开标
审查为争取合同而发来的所有的投标。世界银行
要求此项活动公开进行，即在那些愿意参加此项
活动的投标人或其代表出席的情况下当众开标。
bid package
Usually refers to bids where there is more than one
item involved.
一揽子投标
通常是指包含一项以上招标内容的标书。
bid price [contract]
The price that a bidder specifies in the bid form for
the delivery of goods or completion of the works.
报价；标价[合同]，投标者所报价格
投标者在标书中所报出的交货或完工的价格。
bid security
押标金
见bid bond
bid submission; delivery of bids
The act of a bidder handing over his bid to the
purchaser.
递交标书
指投标者向购买者递交标书的行为。
bidder (highest/lowest)
（最高/最低）投标者
亦见highest bidder; lowest bidder;
postqualification of bidders; prequalification of
bidders; qualified bidder; second lowest bidder;
successful bidder
bidding
招标，投标
see competitive bidding; competitive bidding in
accordance with local procedures; component
bidding; international competitive bidding; limited
international bidding
bidding conditions
招标条件
bidding documents; tender documents
The collection of documents which specify the
bidding procedures, the technical specification of
the goods/works required and contract terms. They
include the Invitation for Bids, Instruction to
Bidders, General Conditions of Contract, Special
Conditions of Contract, Schedule of Requirements
(or Bill of Quantities), Technical Specifications, Bid
Form, Price Schedules, Bid Security Form, Contract
Form and Performance Security Form.
招标文件
招标的一整套文件，它们说明招标的程序、所需
货物或工程的技术规格以及合同条款。其中包括
招标邀请书、投标人须知、合同的一般条件、合
同的特殊条件、需求清单（或数量清单）、技术
规格、标书、价格清单、投标担保书、合同书以
及履约保证书等。
bill of exchange
汇票
bill of lading
A contract for the delivery of goods to a buyer. It
also represents the title to the goods and a receipt
that the carrier has received the goods.
提单
向购货人发送货物的一份契约。它还代表对货物
的所有权并作为承运人收到货物的收据。
亦见through bill of lading
bill of quantities
The specification of the quantity of materials to be
used.
工程量清单；建筑工程清单；数量清单
指项目所用材料的数量及其规格的清单。
见priced bill of guantities
bill of quantities contract
A type of unit price contract, with a detailed bill of
quantities calculated on the basis of the plans of the
consultant engineer or architect. The unit prices are
given and the totals worked out. As the contract is
carried out, the quantities actually used are
measured by a quantity surveyor and the contractor
is paid on the basis of these amounts.
工程量合同
单价合同的一种类型，带有在咨询工程师或建筑
师的计划的基础上计算出来的详细量单，列出了
单位价格并算出了总价格。在合同履行中，实际
使用数量由数量测算员加以衡量，并在这些数量
的基础上确定对承包商的付款。
billing agent
托收人
binding; bindings
In GATT, the fixing or freezing of certain trading
advantages for a three year period.
约束，约束性条款
在关贸总协定中，对某些贸易优势在三年期间予
以固定或冻结。
biochemical oxygen demand - BOD
A measure of the amount of pollution by organic
substances in water. It is expressed as the number of
milligrams of oxygen required by the
micro-organisms to oxidize the organics in a liter of
water.
生化物氧气需要，生化物需氧量（简写为BOD）
一种衡量有机物在水中的污染量的标准。它以一
升水中微生物对有机物进行氧化所需的氧气毫
克数来表示。
biochemical oxygen demand over five days - BOD5;
five day biochemical oxygen demand
The standard biochemical oxygen demand test
whereby a sample of the liquid is incubated at 20
degrees C for five days.
生化物五天需氧量（简写为BOD5）
标准的生化需氧量试验。其方法是把一份溶液的
样品在摄氏20度下培养五天。
biodiversity
生物多样性
biogas plant
生物气体工厂；沼气厂
biomass energy
生物能源
biomass (power) plant, station
生物（发电）厂、站
biosphere reserve
An idea created by the UNESCO Man and the
Biosphere Programme, which aimed to establish
protected core areas with one or two surrounding
buffer zones, with the core areas devoted to
sustainable development and habitat restoration.
生物圈保护地
联合国教科文组织"人与生物圈计划"所创立的
一个概念，其目的是建立一个由一、两个缓冲地
带环绕的中心保护区，致力于可持续性发展和栖
息地恢复活动。
birth control
节制生育
birth spacing
The deliberate effort of couples to postpone a birth.
Also used as a synonym for birth timing.
生育间隔
夫妇有意推迟生育的行为。也是生育时间计划的
同意词。
bisque clause
Clause in loan agreement that entitles a borrower to
postpone payments of interest and principal for
limited periods of time in balance of payments
difficulties.
修正条款
贷款协定中的一项条款，它授权借款人在国际收
支出现困难时，在一定时限内推迟还本付息。
black economy
见parallel economy
black market
黑市
black money
Money in the economy obtained through illegal
means, such as money from the drug trade.
黑钱
在经济中通过非法手段取得的金钱，如从毒品交
易中获得的金钱。
blanket effect
覆盖效应；总括效应
blanket purchase order - BPO
A purchase of low value goods and services from a
single vendor.
一揽子购货定单（简称BPO）
指从单一销售商购买低值货物和劳务。
blanket release
Release by Bank member of its 18% currency for
indefinite lending or relending.
解除限制
世界银行会员国解除其对未确定的贷款或转贷
使用的18%的本国货币限制。
blend country
Country eligible to receive financing from both
IBRD and IDA.
混合贷款国家
符合同时获得国际复兴开发银行和国际开发协
会贷款的国家。
blend financing; mixed financing
混合贷款
blending (of flows)
混合（资金流量）
blind trust
An arrangement whereby a person places some or all
financial affairs in trust, beyond his personal control.
Used by public officials to avoid conflict of interest
charges. Currently used by the President of the
World Bank and the President of the United States.
保密委托，保密信托
一个人对部分或全部财政事务作出委托性安排，
将其置于个人控制之外。这是公共官员为避免利
益冲突的指责而采用的方法。目前为世界银行行
长和美国总统所采用。
block release
离职培训
见day release
block tariff
A tariff in which the charge is based on a series of
different kilowatt-hour rates applying to successive
kilowatt-hour blocks of given size, supplied during a
specified period.
分段收费
一种电费计收办法，既在规定的供电时间内，对
连续的一定量的千瓦/小时采取一系列不同的收
费费率。
block trading
大宗证券交易
block train
A permanently made-up train.
固定列车
固定编制的整列火车。
blue chip; blue chip security
蓝筹股；热门股票
blue projects
Projects covering coastal and marine resources. 蓝
色项目
指利用沿海和海洋资源的项目。
参见brown projects, green projects。
blue stained cotton
蓝色污染棉
见grey cotton
blueprint planning
蓝图规划，详细规划
Board seminar
（世界银行）执董会举行的非正式讨论
Board of Directors [IFC, MIGA]
董事会[国际金融公司、多边投资担保机构]
Board of (Executive) Directors; Executive Board
[IBRD, IDA]
（执行）董事会；执董会[国际复兴开发银行、国
际开发协会]
Board of Governors
理事会
Boards of the Bank and the Fund
世界银行和国际货币基金组织理事会
body corporate; corporate body, institution
法人团体；法人机构
boilerplate
Standard legal language used in legal documents.
标准法律语言
法律文件中使用的标准法律语言。
bond
证券，债券
见annuity bond; bearer bond; bid bond; convertible
bond; corporate bond; coupon bond; deep discount
bond; development bond; discount bond; exit bond;
floating rate bond; government bond; indexed bond;
noncallable; original issue discount bond;
outstanding bonds; performance bond; perpetual
bond; publicly issued; registered bond; serial bond;
straight bond; Treasury bond; warrant bond; zero
coupon bond
bonded area; free trade zone - FTZ
保税区；自由贸易区（简写为FTZ）
bonded contractor
Contractor who has taken out a surety bond to cover
any claims against him.
取得履约保证的承包商
指承包商已经取得履约保证以避免承担任何索
赔。
bonded goods
Taxable goods held in a government-licensed
warehouse pending payment of customs duties and
other taxes due.
保税货物
在交纳关税和其他应付税之前，存放在政府特许
的仓库内的应税货物。
bonded industrial estate
保税工业区
bonded warehouse
A government-licensed warehouse that holds
taxable goods pending payment of customs duties
and other taxes due.
保税仓库
一种政府特许的仓库，用以存放待缴关税和其他
税款的应税货物。
bondholder
债券持有人
bonding [customs]
担保，保税[海关]
bonding company
Company which issues performance bonds, payment
bonds and other kinds of bonds.
担保公司
发行履约保证、付款保证和其他保证的公司。
bonus
奖金，红利，额外津贴
bonus clause
Clause in a contract which provides for a bonus to be
paid to contractors or suppliers for completion of
works or delivery of goods ahead of schedule, when
this is beneficial to the contracting agency.
奖励条款[合同]
合同中的一项条款，规定在有利于发包方的情况
下，承包商或供货商在合同规定的时间内提前完
工或交货，将给予奖励。
bonus issue
发行红股
bonus share
A share given as a bonus to purchasers of shares.
红利股
作为红利赠送给股票购买者的股票。
book value
The net amount at which an asset appears on the
books of account.
帐面价值
在帐簿上一项资产的净值。
boomtown effect
城市发展效应
见induced development effect
booster pump
Pump installed in front of another pump to ensure
satisfactory suction conditions for the main pump or
to deliver water from a deep well to a second pump,
which develops the final delivery head.
升压泵；前置泵；增压泵；助水泵；接力泵
装置于另一水泵前的泵，以保证主泵有足够的吸
水力；或从深井中抽水注入另一泵中，形成最终
的供水水头。
booster (pumping) station
A pumping station in a water distribution system that
is used to increase the pressure in the mains on the
discharge side of the pumps.
升压（泵）站；增压（泵）站
在输水系统中用以增加主要出水管道压力的泵
站。
border bias
In crop evaluations, under-representation of the
crops at the edge of the plot, because of difficulty of
placing the square used for these estimates.
地边偏差
在对作物进行评价时，由于难于置放为进行此类
测量所使用的矩尺，因此产生的对地边作物的低
估。
border check irrigation; border ditch irrigation;
border irrigation; border strip irrigation; gravity
check irrigation; ribbon check irrigation; strip check
irrigation; strip irrigation
Flood irrigation in which land is divided into border
strips and water is delivered into each strip from a
head or field ditch at its upper end.
畦面灌溉；畦沟灌溉；畦灌；自流畦沟灌溉；多
畦灌溉；条灌
把地块分成畦沟，使灌溉用水从水头或灌渠较高
一端流到另一端的灌溉方法。
border currency (unit)
In a project, values measured in foreign exchange
but denominated in the local currency.
边境货币（单位）
一个项目的价值以外币计值但以本国货币标价。
border ditch irrigation
畦沟灌溉
见border check irrigation
border industry
边境工业
border point price
进口港（或边境点）价格
见cost， insurance and freight port of entry/border
point price
border price
Price of a tradable good at a country´s border or port
of entry.
边境价格
可交易货物在一国边境或入境口岸的价格。
border strip irrigation
条畦灌溉
见border check irrigation
border taxes
Taxes levied at national frontiers.
边境税
在国家边境征收的税。
borrower ownership
In adjustment programs, when the borrower adopts
the Bank program as its own. Criteria for this
include launching of economic reforms preceded or
accompanied by productive policy dialogue and
operationally-oriented economic and sector work by
the Bank, a timely program tailored to
country-specific circumstances and supported by
adequate external financing and the borrower
endeavoring to build a strong consensus for the
program at key points in the administration.
借款人所有制
指在调整方案中，借款国把世界银行的方案视为
自己的方案。其标准包括：借款国在世界银行与
其进行建设性的对话和对其进行业务导向性经
济和部门工作之前或同时，启动经济改革；有一
项适合该国具体情况和有充分外来融资支持的
及时的规划；以及借款国努力在政府关键部门为
该计划广泛地建立共识。
borrowing capacity
借款能力
borrowing cost
借款费用，借款成本
borrowing from the public
向公众借款；公开销售债券
borrowing pool [IBRD]
Pool of IBRD funded debt used to determine on a
semi-annual basis the IBRD lending rate.
借款总库[国际复兴开发银行]
指国际复兴开发银行资助的债务总和，用来确定
其每半年调整一次的贷款利率。
borrowing rate
借款利率
见depositor rate of interest
bottleneck
瓶颈
bottleneck analysis
Type of analysis concentrating on bottlenecks in
system, e.g. delivery systems, transportation
systems.
瓶颈分析
一种对系统（例如送货系统，运输系统等）中的
瓶颈进行专门分析的方法。
bottom dressing; basal dressing
施底肥
bottom line
底线
bottom out (of a recession)
（从经济衰退中）走出谷底
bottom up (approach) [projects]
Planning which is decentralized and which takes
place at the development project level.
自下而上的（做法）[项目]
指将计划权分散放到发展项目一级。
bracket creep, progression [taxation]
The situation in which incomes rise due to inflation
and that rise puts taxpayers in higher income tax
brackets so that a larger percentage of their income
is automatically paid to the government.
等级上升[税收]
收入因通货膨胀而增加使纳税人进入较高所得
纳税等级，致使他们收入中更大的比例自动地缴
给政府。
bracketing
Restriction indicating which bidders may submit a
bid, e.g. by stating that only certain bid prices may
apply. The Bank does not allow this procedure in
international bidding.
限定说明
一种对投标人的限定性说明，如说明某种适用的
投标价格。世界银行不允许在国际招标中采取这
种程序。
Brady bond
Bond created when existing developing country debt
is concerted into new debt. The new bond has a
smaller face value or a lower nominal interest rate
than the original bond but may be enhanced through,
for example, collateralization of principal and/or
part of the interest payments.
布雷迪债券
把发展中国家现有的债务转为新的债务时产生
的一种债券。这种新债券与原来的债券相比，面
值较小或名义利率较低，但通过对其本金和（或）
部分利息提供抵押担保等方式可以提高。
brain drain
人才外流
branch ministry
A ministry responsible for just one industry.
专业部
只负责某一行业的部。
brand name drug
名牌药品
brand name product
名牌产品
Brazil-Yugoslavia Precedents
Special IBRD share allocations to restore a
member´s shareholding in IBRD parallel to its IMF
quotas. Named after the first two countries to
request this.
巴西-南斯拉夫先例
指国际复兴开发银行的一种股份分配特殊方式，
用于恢复某一会员国在国际复兴开发银行的股
份额，使其与该国在国际货币基金组织中的股份
相应。该方式以首先提出申请的两个会员国家命
名。
breach of contract
违约，违反合同
breach of contract risk [MIGA]
Repudiation or breach of a specified commitment by
the host government to the guarantee holder in cases
where (1) the guarantee holder does not have
recourse to a competent, independent judicial or
arbitral forum to determine the claims of repudiation
or breach, or (ii) a decision by such a forum is not
rendered within a reasonable period of time, as
defined in the contract of guarantee, or (iii) a final
decision cannot be enforced.
违约风险[多边投资担保机构]
东道国政府不履行或违反与被保险人签订的合
同中的具体义务，如（1）被保险人无法求助于
有能力的和独立的司法机构或仲裁机构对其提
出的有关诉讼作出裁决；或（2）该司法或仲裁
机构未能在担保合同规定的合理期限内作出裁
决；或（3）最后的裁决不能执行。
bread grains
用于制作面包的谷物
breadwinner
挣钱养家的人
breakbulk
Cargo packed in separate packages or individual
pieces of cargo, loaded, stowed and unloaded
individually, as distinct from bulk cargo.
杂件货物
指分散包装或单件的货物，单个装卸、堆放，与
散装货物相区别。
break clause; escape clause; jeopardy clause
A clause in a Eurocurrency agreement specifying
that, if certain events curtail the lender´s activity or
the operation of the Euromarkets, other designated
actions will come into effect.
中断条款；免责条款
指欧洲货币协定中的一项条款，规定在出现某种
妨碍贷款人活动或欧洲共同市场业务的事件时，
其他预定的行动将生效。
breakdown
细目，分类
breakeven analysis
An analysis of expense and revenue factors, often
expressed graphically, aimed at determining at what
cost and price points a product, product line or
company break even.
保本分析，盈亏临界分析，盈亏平衡分析
对费用和收入因素所做的分析，常常用图表表
示，目的是确定一种产品、生产线或公司的成本
和价格在哪一点上达到平衡。
breakeven (dollar) depreciation
Depreciation rate of the dollar such that the Bank´s
headroom is at breakeven point.
（美元）保本贬值；（美元）净空临界贬值
指美元的某一贬值率，在这一贬值率上世界银行
的净空正好处在临界点上。
breakeven point
The level of product sales at which financial
revenues equal total costs of production. At higher
volumes of production and sales financial profits are
generated. Point where two strategies are
equivalent.
盈亏临界点，盈亏平衡点，收支平衡点
财务收入和生产总成本正好相等时的产品销售
量。增加产量和销售量就会带来财务利润。也是
增加产量和增加销售量这两种战略势能取得同
等效果的交汇点。
breed [livestock]
饲养，繁殖，育种[畜牧]
breeder [agriculture]
繁殖用动植物[农业]
breeder seed
繁殖用种子
breeding
繁殖，培育
见plant breeding
breeding material
育种材料
breeding station [commercial breeding]
育种站（商业性育种）
breeding stock
种畜
breeding unit
畜牧繁殖中心，育种单位
bridge, bridging loan
过渡，过渡贷款
bridging arrangement, credit
过渡性安排、信贷，应急安排、信贷
bridging facility
过渡性融通资金，应急融通资金
brief [project]
简介[项目]
broad money
Equivalent to M3, i.e. M2 plus the average of the
beginning- and end-of-month deposits of non-bank
thrift institutions.
广义货币
相当于M3，即M2加上非银行储蓄机构月初与月
末储蓄额的平均值。
broadcasting (seed, fertilizer)
撒播（种子，肥料）
broken cross rates
In foreign exchange, disparity among three or more
rates, e.g. if DM 1 = 30 cents and FF 1.5 while FF 1
= 22 cents a Deutschmark will bring 30 cents if
converted directly but 33 if converted first into
francs and then into dollars.
有差异的套汇汇率
外汇中，在三种或三种以上汇率之间存在的差
异。例如：假定1德国马克=30美分或1.5法国法
郎，而1法国法郎=22美分，1马克如直接兑换成
美元仍等于30美分，但如果先换成法郎再换成美
元，则可兑换33美分。
broker
经纪人
brokerage
经纪人业务；经纪人佣金，回扣
brown coal
A low-grade coal which commonly retains the
structures of the original wood. It is high in moisture,
low in heat value and checks badly upon drying.
褐煤
一种低质煤，往往保存着原来的木质结构，高水
分，低热值，干燥后龟裂严重。
brown projects
Projects covering the immediate and most critical
environmental problems facing cities; they include
three main areas--energy use and efficiency, urban
and industrial pollution control, and urban
environmental management.
棕色项目
指解决城市面临的最迫切和紧急的环境问题的
项目。这类项目包括三个主要方面：能源使用和
效率、城市和工业污染控制、城市环境管理。
参见green projects, blue projects
Bruno ratio
The present worth of the domestic currency cost of
realizing a foreign exchange saving divided by the
present worth of the net foreign exchange saving. A
project is accepted if it is less than the official
exchange rate in financial analysis or less than the
shadow exchange rate in economic analysis.
布鲁诺比率
即实现一项外汇储备目标的本国货币成本的现
值除以净外汇储备的的现值。针对一个项目而
言，如果该比率低于财务分析中的官方汇率或低
于经济分析中的影子汇率，则项目就是可以接受
的。亦见modified Bruno ratio
bubble concept
The concept whereby the total pollution level for an
area must be set collectively but the market can
allocate that total among competing uses by
exchange of emission permits.
气泡观念[环境]
指一种观念，认为一个地区的总污染水平必须集
体确定，但市场可以在竞用者之间，通过交换排
放许可，对总排放量加以分配。
bubble-up effect
The opposite of the trickle-down effect. The benefits
of a project, change in economic policy benefiting
the lowest paid and gradually rising up the scale.
冒泡效应，上泛效应
下渗效应的反意词。指一个项目的效益和经济政
策的改变，首先使最低收入者受益，然后逐渐向
上发生影响。
bucket latrine
A latrine where the sullage falls into a bucket which
can be removed for disposal of the sullage.
马桶式厕所
这种厕所中，污物排入便桶，便桶可以取出清理。
budget
预算
亦见capital budget; cash budget; current budget;
exchange budget; investment budget; midyear
review; operating budget; partial budget;
performance budget; program budget; special
budget; unit activity (crop) budget; whole farm
budget
budget amendment [U.S.]
预算修正案[美国]
budget appropriation
预算拨款
budget authority
预算授权
budget closure
Lapsing of authority to incur approved budgetary
expenses. In the Bank, this is at the end of the fiscal
year for the regular and reimbursable budgets and
after three years for capital budgets.
预算关闭期
指停止使用已批准的预算支出权力的限期。在世
界银行，一般和可偿还费用的预算关闭期是财政
年度末，资本预算的关闭期是三年之后。
budget cuts
预算削减
budget deficit; budgetary gap
预算赤字；预算缺口
budget estimates
概算，预算估计
budget neutral
Outputs having no influence on the budget.
维持现状的预算；中性预算
指产出对预算不发生影响。
Budget Planning Framework [IBRD]
预算的计划框架[国际复兴开发银行]
budget process
预算编制过程
budget surplus
预算节余，预算盈余
budgetary aid
预算援助
budgetary gap; budget deficit
预算缺口；预算赤字
budgeting
（编制）预算
见full budgeting; planning programming, budgeting
system; zero base bdgeting
buffer fund
Fund set up to regulate buffer stocks.
缓冲基金，调节基金
为调节缓冲库存而建立的基金。
buffer stock scheme
缓冲存货制，调节性库存制
buffer stocks
Stocks of a commodity held in an attempt to even out
price fluctuations in primary commodities. The
operators use the stock to mitigate fluctuations in
prices by selling from the commodity stock when
prices are high and by buying the commodity when
prices are low.
缓冲存货，调节性库存
指为稳定初级产品价格波动而设立的某种产品
的库存。经营者可使用该库存来减缓价格波动，
在高价时卖出，低价时购入。
build-own operate - BOO
Type of construction contract whereby a private firm
finances some or all of the initial investment and is
remunerated directly from revenues earned by the
project from selling output to a public utility. The
project is kept by the private firm and not transferred
back to the government.
建造－所有－经营制（简写为BOO）
一种建设合同，即由一个私营商对项目进行全部
或部分投资，项目完成后，从向公用事业出售其
产出的收入中直接取得回报。该项目始终为该私
商所有，不转移给政府。
build-operate-transfer; build-operate-turnover -
BOT
Type of construction contract whereby a private firm
finances some or all of the initial investment and is
remunerated directly from revenues earned by the
project from selling output to a public utility.
Ownership is eventually transferred to the state or to
private domestic investors.
建造－经营－移交制（简写为BOT）
一种建设合同，即由一个私营商对项目进行全部
或部分投资，项目完成后，从向公用事业出售其
产出的收入中直接取得回报。项目所有权最终将
移交给国家或国内私人投资者。
build-own-operate-transfer - BOOT
Type of construction contract whereby a private firm
finances some or all of the initial investment and is
remunerated directly from revenues earned by the
project from selling output to a public utility.
Ownership is initially held by the firm but eventually
transferred to the state or to private domestic
investors.
建造－所有－经营－移交制（简写为BOOT）
一种建设合同，即由一个私营商对项目进行全部
或部分投资，项目完成后，从向公用事业出售其
产出的收入中直接取得回报。项目所有权最初由
该私商拥有，但最终将移交给国家或国内私人投
资者。
built-in evaluation [projects]
内在评估[项目]
built-in stabilizers
Relationships which reduce the amplitude of
cyclical fluctuation in the economy without any
direct action by government, firms or individuals,
e.g. a progressive tax which reduces the spending
power of consumers in amounts which change faster
than incomes, resulting in contractionary tendencies
during expansionary periods and vice versa.
内在稳定器
指减少经济中周期性波动的振幅而无需政府、企
业或个人采取直接行动的内在关系。例如一项累
进税，它的变化快于收入的增长数额，因此可以
削弱消费者的购买力，在扩张时期导致收缩倾
向，反之亦然。
built-in tendency
内在趋势
bulk, in
散装，整批
bulk procurement
整批采购
bull market
A rising market.
牛市，多头市场
指价格上升的市场。
bullet issue
一次性发售
bump integrator [highways]
Type of machine for measuring uneven road
surfaces.
路面累计颠簸仪[公路]
用语测量不平整路面的仪器。
bunching
混合，归并
亦见debt bunching
bunching of maturities
到期归类
bund
堤岸，码头
亦见contour bund
bunker [coal]
料斗，浅仓[煤]
bunker; bunker oil
A heavy residual fuel oil used by ships, industry and
for large-scale heating installations.
船用油；燃料油
指一种用于船舶、工业和大型加热装置的重型燃
料油。
bunkering
To fill a ship´s bunker with coal or oil.
装入燃料
往船的燃料仓中添加装煤或油。
buoyancy [economics]
活跃，高涨，上升[经济学]
buoyant demand
需求上扬，需求活跃
亦见tax buoyancy
buoyant market
活跃的市场
burden sharing
分担负担
burn beating
刀耕火种
见ash farming
burning [agriculture]
刀耕火种
见ash farming
bush fallow
Poor quality land covered with scrubby vegetation.
灌木林修耕地，灌木林闲地
灌木丛生的劣质土地。
business accounting
企业会计，经营核算
business community
实业界，企业界
business cycle; trade cycle
商业周期，经济周期
business cycle policy
商业周期政策
business expenses
营业费用
business line
行业，营业种类
business plan
营业计划，经营计划，业务计划
business (profit) tax; corporate income tax [US];
corporation tax [UK]
营业（利润）税；公司所得税[美国]；公司税[英
国]
buy-back agreement; take-out agreement
回购协议；返销协议
buyer credit; buyers´ credit
买方信贷
buyer´s market
买方市场
buying agent [commodities]
采购代理人[商品]
buying rate of exchange
The rate at which foreign exchange banks and
brokers agree to buy foreign currency.
买入汇率
外汇银行和经纪人同意购买外汇的汇率。
bylaws
公司章程附则，细则